Soul, mind and body

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Why did Plato think it would be contradictory for the soul to die?
The soul is a life-giving essence
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Why did Plato believe the soul can reach its highest state after death?
It is no longer disturbed by the distractions of constant bodily demands
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What, for Plato, is a proof of the immortality of the soul? Which example did he use to illustrate this>
Our intuitions are evidence of knowledge obtained before birth (e.g. slave boy and geometry problem)
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Explain Plato's tripartite view of the soul
appetite, emotion, reason - appetite and emotion are horses, reason is the charioteer
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Which myth did Plato use to show the necessity of seeking wisdom through philosophy in order for the soul to benefit?
Myth of Er
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How did Aristotle refer to the soul?
As the 'psyche'
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Aristotle believed that the physical body is in a continual state of change but...
...the 'substance' (soul) remains the same in terms of the continuing identity
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Aristotle believed that the soul is the ---- of the body
Form
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Which example did Aristotle use to illustrate the meaning of this?
The example of an axe - if it were a living thing then its soul wold be its ability to chop
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What types of souls do plants and animals have, according to Aristotle?
Vegetative/nutritive souls, perceptive souls
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What do Aristotle's ideas not allow for?
The idea the the soul could survive death
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Which theory holds that the mind and body are separate substances which both exist?
Substance dualism
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What is a substance?
A subject with various properties
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If the mind were a substance, what could the properties be?
Thoughts, feelings, intentions, emotions
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Which property do the body and mind have, respectively?
Body - extension, mind - thought
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Name 3 supporters of substance dualism
Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato
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Name Descartes first certainty
"I think, therefore I am"
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How does Descartes first certainty prove that the body and the mind must be 2 distinct substances?
Body can be doubted but not mind
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Name another difference between the body and mind, according to Descartes
Body can be divided but mind cannot
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Which body part did Descartes think was "the principle seat of the soul"?
The pineal gland
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Name three points of reductive materialism
The mind is not distinct from the physical brain but is identical with it, mental events are caused by chemical reactions in the brain, there is no life after death
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Who coined the phrase "the ghost in the machine"?
Gilbert Ryle
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What did Gilbert Ryle argue was a category mistake?
Any talk of 'self' or 'soul' existing beyond the body
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What did Ryle use as an example of a category mistake?
Looking for the 'team spirit' in a cricket match
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What is the name of Gilbert Ryle's book?
The Concept of Mind
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Richard Dawkins believes that nothing exists except ------
Matter
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This means that no part of a person is non-physical and (blank) cannot be separated from the (blank)
consciousness, brain
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What does Dawkins believe humans are?
Survival machines, vehicles of genes
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What is the name of Dawkins' book?
The selfish gene
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What can substance dualism not explain?
How metal thoughts can cause physical responses, and vice versa
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What is the 'problem of other minds'?
How do we know other people have minds? We can only see their bodies
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Who argues that to talk of the soul outliving the body is nonsensical, and what example does he use?
Antony Flew, Lewis Carrol, cheshire cat, grin
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What example do Peter Smith and O.R. Jones bring in?
'sombody's sake'/'somebody's build' - cannot be separated from person
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What does dualism not seem to have a satisfactory answer for?
The question of how the mind and body are connected - e.g. hand-eye coordination
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What example could be used to prove that mind and body are separate, but really only exemplifies that we use language sloppily?
When we talk of 'Emily' and 'Emily's body' we are referring to different things
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Which of Descartes' points creates a problem for materialism?
The properties of thought and extension - surely if 2 substances are identical they should have the same properties, not mutually exclusive ones
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Although substance dualism raises questions we can't answer...
...so does materialism - neuroscience has a long way to go
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Explain Swinburne's arguments against materialism
1) There are fundamental truths about us which cannot be explained in purely physical terms/the most significant aspects of us which give us our identity are not to be fount in our physical bodies. 2) Human soul can recognize goodness, has conscience
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Who argues that without belief in the soul morality becomes simply a matter of personal choice and taste?
Keith Ward
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What does Keith Ward argue humanity lacks without the soul?
Any sense of final purpose
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Keith Ward also argues that man is made of (blank) but filled with (blank)
Dust, Spirit of God
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why did Plato believe the soul can reach its highest state after death?

Back

It is no longer disturbed by the distractions of constant bodily demands

Card 3

Front

What, for Plato, is a proof of the immortality of the soul? Which example did he use to illustrate this>

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Explain Plato's tripartite view of the soul

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Which myth did Plato use to show the necessity of seeking wisdom through philosophy in order for the soul to benefit?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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