The theory that many working class and black children are inadequately socialised and therefore lack the ‘right’ culture. The ‘cultural equipment’ needed for educational success are intellectual development, language, attitudes and values.
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What is intellectual development?
This refers to the development of thinking and reasoning skills, such as the ability to solve problems and use ideas and concepts.
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What did Douglas say that the working class lack intellectual development?
Says this is because working class parents are less likely to support their child’s intellectual development through reading with them or other educational activities in the home.
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What does Engelmann say about language used in lower class homes?
Says language used in lower class homes is deficient. As a result, their children fail to develop the necessary language skills and suffer in school.
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What are the two types of speech code that Bernstein identified?
The Restricted & Elaborated Code
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What did Douglas say about working class attitudes and values?
Found working class parents placed less value on education, were less ambitious for their children, gave them less encouragement and took less interest in their education.
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What is a subculture?
a group whose attitudes and values differ from those of the mainstream culture.
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What are the 4 key features of a working class subculture that Sugarman identified?
It is a policy designed to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools and communities in deprived areas.
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What is 'Material Deprivation'?
Refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities, eg. adequate housing and income.
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Select the correct statistic that supports the 'Material Deprivation' theory.
Nearly 90% of ‘failing’ schools are located in deprived areas.
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How does poor 'Housing' affect a child's educational achievement?
Poor housing can affect pupils’ achievement both directly, eg. overcrowding, & indirectly, eg. health and welfare.
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What does Howard say about 'Diet & Health'?
Poor nutrition affects health, eg. by weakening the immune system and lowering children’s energy levels. This may result in more absences from school due to illness and difficulties concentrating in class.
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Who stressed about the "The cost of free schooling" when talking about 'Income' and how "lack of financial support means that children from poorer families have to do without equipment and miss out on experiences that would enhance their achievement"
Bull
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What does Ridge believe may happen to poor children who wear hand-me-downs and have cheap and unfashionable equipment?
As a result they may be stigmatised or bullied by peers. This could also lead children to have a low self-esteem and find it more difficult to ‘fit in’.
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What are the two types of capital that Bordieu identified?
Cultural Capital, Educational & Economic Capital
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One example of how cultural and economic capital can lead to differences in educational achievement is through the impact of marketisation and parental choice.What are the three types of parents that Gerwtitz identified?
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