SOCIOLOGY TOPIC 8

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Globalisation?
Increasing interconnectedness of societies, what happens in one locality is shaped by distant events & vice versa
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4 causes of globalisation?
1.Spread of ICT 2.Influence of global mass media 3.Cheap air travel 4.Deregulation of financial & other markets
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9 forms of global criminal economy according to Castells?
1.Arms trafficking 2.Trafficking in nuclear materials/cultural artefacts/body parts/women & children 3.Smuggling of illegal immigrants/legal goods 4.Sex tourism 5.Cyber crimes 6.International terrorism 7.Drugs trade 8.Money laundering 9.Green crimes
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Global risk consciousness?
New insecurities. Increased movement of people as eco migrants seek work/asylum seekers flee, rising anxieties in Western countries occur. Knowledge from media, exaggerated view of dangers=moral panic
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Result?
Intensification of social control at national level. Tougher boarder control, land boarders introduced, fences, CCTV & thermal imaging devices
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Globalisation, capitalism & crime?
Taylor- Giving free rein to market forces, greater inequality & rising crime occurs at both ends of social spectrum
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Globalisation & crime for working class?
Transnational corporations switch to low wage countries=job insecurity/unemployment/poverty. Deregulation=lack of gov control over ecos=welfare decline. Marketisation=individual consumers, undermines social cohesion. Lack of legit opp=illegit growth
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Globalisation & crime for upper class?
Deregulation of financial markets created opportunities for insider trading to avoid tax. Transnational bodies like EU offer opportunities for fraud. New patterns of employment=new opportunities for crime & minimum wage breaching
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Evaluation of Taylor?
Useful in linking global trends in capitalist economy to changes in pattern of crime. But doesnt fully explain how changes make people behave in criminal ways as not all people turn to crime
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Patterns of criminal organisation?
Hobbs/Dunningham found way crime is organised is linked to the eco changes by globalisation. Individuals acting as a 'hub' around which a loose-knit network forms, linking legit & illegit activities contrasts with large scale/hierarchical mafia-style
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'Glocal' Organisation?
New forms with international links but still in local context EG Individuals still need local contacts/networks for opps. Argue changes associated with globalisation=changes in patterns of crime=old hierarchical gang to entrepreneurial criminals
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Traditional criminology?
Not concerned with such behaviour as subject matter defined by criminal law. Inter/national laws/regulations about environment. Situ/Emmons define enviro crime as unauthorised act/omission violating law. Investigate patterns/causes of law breaking
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Advantages/Disadvantages of traditional criminology?
Has clearly defined subject matter. Criticised for accepting official definitions of environmental problems & crimes, often shaped by powerful groups to serve own interests
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Green criminology?
Radical approach. Notion of harm rather than criminal law. White argues proper subject of criminology is action harming physical environment &/or human/non human animals, even if no law is broken. Form of transgressive criminology-oversteps boundary
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Evaluation of green criminology?
Similar to Marxist view of crimes of powerful. M argue capitalist class able to shape law/define crime so own exploitive activities not criminalised. Greens argue powerful interests EG Nation states/transnational corps, able to define unacceptable
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2 views of harm?
Nation states & transnational corps adopt 'anthropocentric or human centred' view of enviro harm. Human right to dominate. Ecocentric view humans & enviro are interdependent, so enviro harms humans too. Both liable to exploitation
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Nigel South on primary Green crime?
Result directly from destruction & degradation of earth's resources
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4 types of primary crime?
1.Crimes of air pollution 2.Crimes of deforestation 3.Crimes of species decline & animal rights 4.Crimes of water pollution
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Nigel South on secondary Green crime?
Grows out of the flouting of rules aimed at preventing/regulating environmental disasters EG Governments break own regulations & cause environmental harms
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2 types of secondary crime?
1.State violence against oppositional groups 2.Hazardous waste & organised crime
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Evaluation of green criminology?
Recognises growing importance of enviro issues & need to address harms/risks of enviro damage to humans/non human animals. Focuses on broader concept rather than legally defined crimes. Hard to define boundaries/cant be objectively established
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4 categories of state crime according to McLaughlin?
1.Political=corruption & censorship 2.Crimes by security & police forces = genocide, torture 3.Eco crimes=official violations of health & safety laws 4.Social & cultural crimes=institutional racism
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Definition of state crime according to Green & Ward?
Illegal/deviant activities perpetrated by, or with complicity of, state agencies
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2 reasons for seriousness of state crime?
1.Scale of state crime 2.State is source of law
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Scale of state crime?
Power of state enables it to commit extremely large scale crime with widespread victimisation. States monopoly of violence means well faced to conceal its crimes
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State is the source of law?
States role to define whats criminal & to manage criminal justice system & prosecute offenders. State crime undermines system of justice. Can avoid defining own harmful actions as criminal EG Sterilisation in Nazi Germany
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2 definitions of human rights?
1.Natural rights=people regarded as having simply by virtue of existing EG Free speech 2.Civil rights=Right to vote, to privacy & education
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Crime as violation of human rights?
Critical criminologist Schwendinger=Should define crime in terms of violation of basic human rights rather than breaking of legal riles. From humans rights perspective state is perpetrator of crime not as authority that defines/punishes crime
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Schwendingers continued?
Definition of crime inevitably political. If we accept legal definition, risk becoming subservient to state that makes law. Argue sociologists should defend human rights. View is example of transgressive criminology as oversteps traditional boundary
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Cohen on Schwendingers view?
Criticises it, while 'gross' violations of human rights like genocide, torture etc are clearly crimes, other acts like eco exploitation arent self evidently criminal. Others argue only limited agreement on human rights
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Human rights issue result of what 2 factors?
1.Growing impact of international human rights movement 2.Increased focus within criminology upon victims
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3 stages of Cohens spiral of denial?
1.'It didnt happen' 2.'If it did happen "it" is something else' 3.'Even if it is what you say it is, it's justified'
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Cohen & 5 neutralisation techniques delinquents use to justify deviant behaviour/state justifies human rights violations?
1.Denial of victim 2.Denial of injury 3.Denial of responsibility 4.Condemning the condemners 5.Appeal to higher loyalty
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3 features that produce crimes of obedience according to Kelman & Hamilton?
1.Authorisation-Acts ordered/approved by authority replaced by duty/obey 2.Routinisation-Once crime committed, strong pressure to turn act to routine 3.Dehumanisation-Enemy is portrayed as sub human not human, usual principles of morality dont apply
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

4 causes of globalisation?

Back

1.Spread of ICT 2.Influence of global mass media 3.Cheap air travel 4.Deregulation of financial & other markets

Card 3

Front

9 forms of global criminal economy according to Castells?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Global risk consciousness?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Result?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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