Sense of belonging, could be related to crime as the members of the subculture may feel like they have to commit the crime
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What is the subcultural theory?
Assumes that those who deviate hold different values to mainstream society
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What three theorists saud that Merton didn't look at all crime?
> Cohen 1955, >Cloward & Ohlin 1960, >Miller 1963
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What did Cohen say in relation to subcultures?
reaction formation = status frustration, youth rebound from conventional failure e.g school = forced with failure they choose a delinquent subculture
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What do Cloward and Ohlin say about sub cultural theories?
Discusses wc crime in goals and means but doesn't agree with Merto that delinquents share the same values and goals as the rest of society. 1. Criminal subculture 2. conflict violent subculture 3. retreatist (drug) subculture
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What does Brake (1980) say about sub cultural theories?
Resistance is expressed through wc subcultures, though what they wear and the language they use. Best described as "magical" illusion that appear to solve problems.
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What is Paul Willis' Learning to Labour theory?
(1977), is a good example of how the wc youth will become trapped like their parents
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What are the criticisms of Brake and Paul Willis?
Cohen- stated that these writers were bias in the analysis. They wanted to find that the wc youth were attacking capitalism
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What is Charles Murray and the underclass?
New right- believe that state welfare was creating an atmosphere of dependency creating the "underclass"
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What is meant by the "underclass"?
people who due to lack of employment, skills, income, wealth or property appear to stand outside ordinary society
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Why does Box believe there has been an increase in female crime?
Increase in women's property crime is due to poverty rather then liberation? Increasing employment of women police offers and the recording of violent crime by women. Authorities have been "sensulised"
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What is Transgression?
Women going against traditional values. Postmodernist Smart introduced the concept of "transgressive criminology"
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What is the "chivalry factor"?
This is suggests that women are treated more leniently by the police and the courts
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What are the criticisms of the chivalry factor?
Leonard (1982) - pointed out how "bad women" are treated more harshly then men "double deviance".
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What do Gelsthorpe and Lauch (1997) say about women and crime?
found magistrates were more lenient to women with family commitments .
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What does Lees say about women and crime?
1984 - wrote a book called "slags, sluts and tarts". Found sexual labels for females are very personal attacks. Hard for females to prove that they are not sluts. No equivalent labels for men
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What does Descombe say about women and crime?
"New Laddettes", Some argue that younger females are beginning to display behaviour traits associated with young males
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What is the LIBERATION THESIS?
Alder (1975) - As women become liberated from patriarchy their offending will become similar to men's. Liberation is leading to a new type of female criminal and a rise in female crime rate
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What are the criticisms against the liberation thesis?
Female crime began to rise in 1950's before liberation of women. Most female criminals are wc and so haven't been hit by liberation, LIND said that women branding into "male " crimes.
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What was Winlow's study of bouncer's?
Worked as bouncer to fully understand the culture. Found that most men who chose to be bouncers are wc and found it was a way to express "masculinity".
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What does Messerchnnitt say about male crime?
Talks of "hedgemonic" masculinity. Manual work, heterosexual, subordination of women
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How do postmodernists talk about male crime?
Globalisation has led to a shift from a modern industrial society to a late modern or postmodern de-industrial society
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Why does Beck suggest hat the "war on terror" will impact on society?
To 'find a way to civilise world risk society', create mistrust, world can be more united (e.g. no bins in train stations)
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How is the media used to crate a moral panic?
In regards to Al Queda, made him seem like the 'folk devils' ultimately creating a moral panic
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What is an example of how Cohen says Governments can deny issues?
Guantanamo Bay is denied as they detain people but are not labelled as war criminals and so does not fall under laws set in place by the Geneva convention
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How might the war on terror be a "civilising process"?
use war and ideas to expand empire, spreading values around the world
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the subcultural theory?
Back
Assumes that those who deviate hold different values to mainstream society
Card 3
Front
What three theorists saud that Merton didn't look at all crime?
Back
Card 4
Front
What did Cohen say in relation to subcultures?
Back
Card 5
Front
What do Cloward and Ohlin say about sub cultural theories?
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