sociology key words

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What is meant by 'nature'?
people are shaped primarily by genetics and biology
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What is meant by 'nurture'?
our environmental influences and socialization are the most important factors in determining who we are and how we behave
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what is meant by 'culture'?
consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society.
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What are 'norms'?
social expectations that guide behavior
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What are 'values'?
a belief/attitude
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What is socialisation (primary and secondary)?
primary= when a child learns norms and values from family secondary= when a child learns norms and values from society
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What is meant by 'sanctions'?
Sanctions are mechanisms of social control. As opposed to forms of internal control, like cultural norms and values, sociologists consider sanctions a form of external control
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What is 'social control'?
the way in which entire social order stays together (binds) and maintains itself
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What are 'subcultures'?
a culture within a broader mainstream culture, with its own separate values, practices, and beliefs
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What is 'ascribed status'?
the social status a person is assigned at birth
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What is 'achieved status'?
social position that is earned or chosen
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What is 'social structure'?
stable arrangement of institutions whereby human beings in a society interact and live together.
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What is 'social action'?
social action is behavior to which human beings attach a specific meaning or set of meanings
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What is 'consensus'?
social agreement
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What causes 'conflict'?
caused by unequal distribution of wealth
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What is the 'micro approach'?
examines individuals and attempts to study, uncover and interpret meanings individuals give to their behaviour
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What is the 'macro approach'?
focusing on investigation of societal institutions and the links between them e.g. the family&education, the economy&education
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What is 'functionalism'?
an example of consensus structural theory; it is associated with the work of Durkheim and Parsons.
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What is 'organic analogy'?
the comparison of society to the human body
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What is 'marxism'?
an example of conflict structuralism. theory that society is in a state of conflict based on class and is between those who have power and those who do not.
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What are the 'bourgeoisie'?
those in power/ the ruling class
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What are the 'proletariat'?
those who are powerless/ the working class
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What is 'feminism'?
as with Marxism, feminists argue society is founded upon the idea of conflict, however instead of social class, this conflict is between gender. they believe we live in a patriarchal society.
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What is 'patriarchy'
males hold the power
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What is a 'household'?
a group of people that live together, they may or may not be related through blood or marriage
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What is a 'family'?
a form of household where all the people who live together are related through either kinship ties or marriage
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What is a 'nuclear family'?
a family consisting of an adult male and female with one or more children (including adopted)
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What is a 'reconstituted family'?
a couple who have children from previous relationships
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What is a 'cohabiting couple'?
a couple living together who aren't married
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What is a 'extended family'?
a family containing relatives in addition to the nuclear family
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What is a 'beanpole family'?
in countries like Britain and the US, the number of children per generation has steadily gone down, while life span has increased. this has led to a shape of family tree that some researchers have likened to a beanpole
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What is a 'single parent family'?
a lone parent (either gender) with dependent children
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What is a 'symmetrical family'?
authority and household tasks shared between male and female partners
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What is meant by 'matrifocal'?
female has the power
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What is meant by 'living apart together (LAT)'?
couple that have an intimate relationship but live at different houses
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What is a 'same-sex family'?
same sex couple living together with children
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What is an 'empty shell marriage'?
couple remaining married and living in the same house but marriage exists in the name only. hardly any communication. like living separate lives but in the same household.
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stable satisfaction of the sex drive
one of Murdocks 4 functions of the family. with the same partner-preventing the social disruption caused by a sexual free for all
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What is meant by 'reproduction of the next generation of workers'?
one of the functions of the family according to Marxists- to reproduce the next generation of workers
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What is meant by 'socialisation of the young'?
function of the family according to Murdock- teaches children norms and values of society/primary socialisation
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What is meant by 'meeting economic needs'?
a function of the family according to Murdock- pools resources to provide for each other
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What is 'Parsons functional fit theory'?
the family can perform many functions. the function that it performs will depend on the needs of society.
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What is meant by 'geographic mobility'?
able to move locations to work
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What is meant by 'social mobility'?
ability to change social class
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What is meant by 'primary socialisation of children'?
one of Parsons function of the family- teaches children the norms and values of society
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What is meant by 'stabilisation of adult personalities'?
one of Parsons functions of the family- stabilises personalities and emotional relationships.
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What is an 'ideological function'?
for Marxists- a set of ideas or beliefs that justify inequality, and maintain the capitalist system by persuading people to accept it as fair, natural and unchangeable
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What is meant by 'unit of consumption'?
Marxist function of the family- the family plays a major role in generating profits since it is an important market for the sale of consumer goods: media target children etc
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What is 'liberal feminism'?
equality of men&women- focuses on the rights of women and removal of discrimination and the advancing of equal opportunities.
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What is 'radical feminism'?
reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts. Radical feminists seek to abolish patriarchy by challenging existing social norms and institutions
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What is 'marxist feminism'?
focuses on the double exploitation of women-both at work and at home
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What is meant by 'domestic labour'?
A concept developed within feminist theory to analyse the significance of the unpaid work performed by women in the home.
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What is meant by 'reserve army of labour'?
a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy. It refers to the unemployed and under-employed in capitalist society.
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What is 'political lesbianism'?
lesbianism as a positive alternative to heterosexuality for women as part of the struggle against sexism
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What is 'birth rate'?
the number of births per 1,000 of the population over a year
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What is 'death rate'?
number of deaths per 1,000 of the population over a year
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What is 'fertility rate'?
number of births per 1,000 women aged 16-44 over a year
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What is a 'baby boom'?
great increase in birth rate
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What is 'infant mortality rate'?
the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.
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What is the 'dependency ratio'?
relationship between working (independent) and non-working (dependent) parts of the population
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What is an 'ageing population'?
when the median age of a country or region increases due to rising life expectancy and/or declining fertility rates
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What is 'life expectancy'?
the average period that a person may expect to live
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What is 'ageism'?
being prejudice or discriminative towards a person due to their age
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What is 'migration'?
moving from one country to another
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What is 'immigration'?
movement into a society
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What is 'emigration'?
movement out of a society
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What is 'net migration'?
the difference between the numbers of immigrants and the numbers of emigrates, this is expressed as a net increase or a net decrease due to migration
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What are 'push factors'?
something that makes you want to move away
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What are 'pull factors'?
moving to gain something
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What is 'multiculturalism'?
the co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviours, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles.
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What is meant by 'domestic division of labour'?
The division of tasks, roles, and duties within the household.
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What are 'instrumental roles'?
carried out by the man- work/ manual labour and bring home the money (bread winner)
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What are 'expressive roles'?
carried out by the woman- looks after child and family and does the housework
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What are 'segregated conjugal roles'?
when a couple does leisure activities and house work separately
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What are 'joint conjugal roles'?
when a couple does leisure activities together and both do housework
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What is a 'symmetrical family'?
smaller, privatised family where conjugal roles are more symmetrical (fair)
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What is the 'new man'?
came about to describe men who were modern and forward thinking, in touch with their feminine side and wanted to be a hands on dad and provide emotionally for his family
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What is meant by the 'dual burden/ double burden'?
women who work to earn money, but who are also responsible for significant amounts of unpaid domestic labor.
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What is 'economic inequality'?
men usually do the higher paid jobs and therfore have more power over how they spend money and making economic decisions rather than the woman
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What is the 'triple shift'?
women have 3 roles: domestic labour, emotional work, paid work
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What is an 'allowance system'?
the allowance system is when the men work and give their non-working wives an allowance to budget to meet the families needs
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What is meant by 'pooling'?
pooling is where both partners work- having joint responsibility for how they spend their money (e.g. having a joint bank account)
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What is 'psychological abuse'?
characterized by a person subjecting, or exposing, another person to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder
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What is meant by 'physical abuse'?
physically hurting someone e.g. hitting, kicking, punching, scratching
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What is meant by 'emotional abuse'?
the ongoing emotional maltreatment or emotional neglect
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What is 'sexual abuse'?
when someone is forced or persuaded to take part in sexual activities
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What is 'financial abuse'?
An abusive partner may stop you from having control over your money as a way of trying to exert power over you.
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What is 'oppression'?
Social oppression is a concept that describes a relationship of dominance and subordination between categories of people in which one benefits from the systematic abuse, exploitation, and injustice directed toward the other.
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What is meant by 'the darker side of the family'?
One of the main criticisms of the marxist view of the family is that they don’t take into account the “dark side of the family”. There are two main areas of the dark side of the family, child abuse and domestic violence
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What is meant by 'globalisation of Western Childhood'?
western notions of childhood are being globalised. acording to the west, childhood should be happy and not involve labour
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What is meant by 'mini adults'?
Postman says children have become mini adults due to how they dress, important decisions, exams, wide choice of video games and they now have a voice
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What does 'child centred' mean?
family life now revolves around the interests and welfare of children
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What is meant by 'social bluring'?
no distinct line between adults and children
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What is meant by 'social construction'?
childhopod is seen as a social construction- something that is created by society
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What is meant by a 'toxic childhood'?
Sue Palmer- parents are going out to work more leaving children exposed to TV, computer games, junk food- long work by parents hve damaged childrens development
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What is the 'march of progress view'?
argues that over the past few cenuries the position of children in western societies has been steadily improving and today it is better than it has ever been
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is meant by 'nurture'?

Back

our environmental influences and socialization are the most important factors in determining who we are and how we behave

Card 3

Front

what is meant by 'culture'?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are 'norms'?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are 'values'?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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