What is the main observation for ethnicity and attainment?
Some minority groups continue to have lower levels of achievement than the average, compared to the majority who have above average levels of achievement
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Which 3 ethnic minority groups are performing above average?
1. Chinese 2. Indian 3. Black African girls
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What is the participation of ethnic minority groups like in HE?
Some ethnic minority group have high levels of participation in HE, however admission and participation in prestigious universities is lower than average
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Why are BME students under represented in Russel group unis?
Application/selection, not clever enough, institutional racism
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What did Platt (2011) find about hourly rates of pay?
The highest hourly rate of pay for male full time employees were Chinese ethnic groups, which are similar to the patterns of educational achievement. Suggesting some students do better due to liing in a higher income household
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What does Modood (2004) argue?
ethnic minority parents have more cultural capital than is expected from them due to social class or income.
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According to Modood (2004) why do BME parents provide more help for their children?
Recent migrants may have had to be downwardly socially mobile, or may not have been able to find a job in line with their skills due to discrimination or lack of familiarity of British culture. Therefore maybe more educated than other WC parents
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What did Archer and Francis (2007) find?
That parents of chinese pupils placed exceptionally high values on education
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What did Basit (2013) find?
Cultural factors had an impact on edu. achievement in Asian communities. Saw free edu. as a blessing as it offered lots of opportunities.
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What did Connor et al (2004) find?
Minority ethnic groups were more enthusiastic about edu. than white british were. Black africans had high aspirations, want to go onto HE, and improve career prospects
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What did Wanless (1997) find?
Black boys were more likely to be permenently excluded, more likely to be identified with behaviour related special needs, put in bottom sets despite abilty, less likely to be in gifted and talented
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What did Sewell (1997) argue?
High proportion of black students raised in one-parent household, lack positive male role model therefore lack of disiplie and respect for authority. Attracted towards gangs which encourage agressive behaviour and reject school values
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What are 2 internal factors/processes which affect ethnicity & attainment?
1. unconcious teacher bias 2. marketisation + rationing of edu.
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What does Strand (2012) argue?
African Caribbean students are less likely to be entered into higher tier exams due to unconcious techer bias when deciding exam enteries.
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What happens in marketisation + rationing of education?
Schools are forced to maintain good standards, therefore focus on students who aren't realising their potential in order to sustain the 'A*-C economy' Therefore neglect 'no-hopers' and 'high achievers'
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Who discusses institutional racism?
Gillborn (2008)
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What factors/processes of edu can disadvantage BME students?
setting/streaming, gifted & talented, putting students in lower sets, unconcious bias, ethnocentric curriculum, assessment strategies, teacher recruitment
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Why are ethnic inequalities not seen as a priority?
School governing bodies are unrepresentative as they are disproportionatley white, middle aged, MC
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Why does institutional racism occur?
Not because of the attitudes of individuals but the structure of organisations themselvves
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