Sociology - Demography

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What is the birth rate?
The number of live births per 1000 of the population per year.
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What do the patterns in birth rate show?
Long-term decline; Fluctuations (baby booms after two world wars).
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What is the total fertility rate?
The average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years (15-44).
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What are the 2 trends in fertility rate?
More women are remaining childless; Women are having children later (average age = 30).
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What are the 4 reasons for the fall in birth rate?
Changes in the position of women (new attitudes); Fall in the infant mortality rate (number of infants who die before their first birthday); Children as an economic liability (laws & norms); Child-centredness (quality>quantity).
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Explain 2 effects of a falling birth rate.
Dependency ratio decreases (fewer children = reduced 'burden of dependency'); Fewer public services needed (e.g. schools - smaller class sizes).
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What is the death rate?
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
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What do the patterns in death rate show?
Fairly stable with fluctuations since 1900 (e.g. World Wars); Declined slightly since the 1950s.
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Describe 4 reasons for the fall in death rate.
Improved nutrition (improved resistance to infection); Medical improvements (e.g. vaccinations, NHS); Public health improvements (e.g. better housing, purer water, cleaner air); Social changes (e.g. decline of manual occupations, smaller families).
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What is the life expectancy?
How long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live.
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What do the patterns in life expectancy show? Give one reason for this.
Great increase since 1900: 1900 = 50 for males, 57 for females; 2013 = 90.7 for males, 94 for females; Falling infant mortality = rise in life expectancy.
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What are the 3 reasons for an ageing population?
Increasing life expectancy; Lower infant mortality; Declining fertility.
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Describe 4 effects of an ageing population.
More public services; More one-person households; The rising dependency ratio; Ageism/negative stereotyping, e.g. burden, incompetent.
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Explain modernity and postmodernity's view on ageism.
Modern = identity/status determined by role in production - stigmatised identity; Postmodern = fixed stages of life broken down - greater lifestyle choice & consumption of identities, regardless of age.
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Explain 2 inequalities among the old.
Class = m/c have bigger pensions & savings - longer life expectancy; Gender = women have lower pensions & subject to sexism + stereotyping.
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What is migration and what does it affect?
The movement of people; Affects the size & age structure of the population.
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What is immigration & what are the trends in immigrants in the UK?
Immigration = moving into a foreign country; 1900s-1940s = Irish, Jews, British Canadians/USA, 1950s-1970s = non-white (Caribbean, Africa, Asia), mainly white Europeans, but 14% ethnic minorities.
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What is emigration & what are the trends in emigrants in the UK?
Emigration = leaving a country to move abroad; most from UK have gone to USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand & South Africa.
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Explain the 2 economic factors that affect emigration and give an example of each.
'Push' factors = e.g. unemployment, economic recession; 'Pull' factors = e.g. higher wages, better opportunities.
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How is globalisation affecting migration? Describe differentiation and super-diversity.
Globalisation = increased migration; Differentiation = different types of migrant, e.g. permanent, temporary, refugees; Super-diversity = migrants no longer from British ex-colonies, now from many more countries - divided by culture/religion.
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What are the 3 class differences among migrants implied by Cohen?
Citizens (full rights); Denizens (privileged foreign nationals, e.g. billionaires); Helots (disposable, unskilled labour power, e.g. illegally trafficked workers).
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What is meant by the feminisation of migration?
Almost half of global migrants are now female - globalisation of gender DoL (stereotyped roles, e.g. carers, sexual services).
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Describe the 2 types of migrant identities.
Hybrid identities = 2 or more different sources of culture; Transnational identities = back-and-forth movements - don't belong to one country.
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Explain how migration affects politics. (2 policies)
Increased national security & anti-terrorism policies; Assimilationism = encourage immigrants to adopt language & values of the host culture; Multiculturalism = accepts separate cultural identities, but limited differences.
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What do sociologists argue about migration policies?
Policies are counter-productive as they mark out minority groups; Minorities emphasise difference - increased suspicion of hosts; Workers blame migrants for unemployment - divides w/c & benefits capitalism.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What do the patterns in birth rate show?

Back

Long-term decline; Fluctuations (baby booms after two world wars).

Card 3

Front

What is the total fertility rate?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the 2 trends in fertility rate?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the 4 reasons for the fall in birth rate?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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