Crime reported by the police who deal with them,this may be the result of investigations or reports to the police by the public.

Surveys ask a sample of people whether they have experienced crime and extrapolate how many in the whole population have.

When behaviour is controlled by the people around us and sanctions are informal

When behaviour is controlled by organisations and institutions that exist to enforce order who use formal sanctions.

A type of research method that involves the use of questionnaires where the individual has voluntarily record things about themselves.

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