SOCIAL INFLUENCE, PSYA2

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  • Created by: Nikki
  • Created on: 09-12-12 21:56
What is conformity?
Mirroring behaviour of other people/groups. The pressure can be real for imagined e.g youth culture (clothes)
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What are types of conformity?
1)Compliance- going along with majority even if you don't agree. Linked to normative influence- avoiding rejection from a group. 2)Internalisation- following along with others and agreeing. Linked to informative influence, look to others for knowlege
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Explain ASCH'S study into conformity
Participants had to match obvious lines, but there were confederates who gave the worng answer to see if they would conform. 75% conformed at least once.People will eventually conform (Compliance)
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Evaluate ASCH'S study into conformity
Methodological: Outdated; Biased sample; Lacks ecological validity BUT easy to find cause and effect. ETHICAL: Deception; Stress
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Explain SHERIF'S study into conformity
In an experiment participants were told a stationary light would move. They judged the distance individually, then in a group and individually again. Te second time as individuals the decisions were much closer. People ook to others for information
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Evaluate SHERIF'S study into conformity
METHODOLOGICAL: Outdated; Biased sample; Lacks ecological validity ETHICAL: Deception
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What is obedience?
Complying to a higher authority
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Explain BICKMAN'S study into obedience
He dressed as a guard and asked people to pick up litter or give a stranger money. Then again as a milkman. 80% obedience with guard only 40% as milkman. People will obey authoriy (uniform- legitimate)
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Evaluate BICKMAN'S study into obedience
METHODOLOGICAL: Outdated; But has ecological validity ETHICAL: Deception;
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Explain MILGRAM'S study into obedience
Participitants were told to shock learners that deliberately got questions wrong. The study was to see if people would obey when the person was in pain.Over 65% were obedient. People will obey authority
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Evaluate MILGRAM'S study into obedience
METHODOLOGICAL: Lacks ecological validity; Outdated; Biased sample. ETHICAL: Deception; Psychological stress
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Explain HOFFLING'S study into obedience
Nurses were given instructions via phone from an unknown doctor to give twice the dosage allowance of an unknown drug. 95.5% were obedient. People do not question a higher authority.
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Evaluate HOFFLING'S study into obedience
STRENGTHS: Has ecological validity; WEAKNESSES: Deception; Psychological stress
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What are factors of obedience?
1) Socialisation- the way we're bought up e.g respecting authority 2) Graduated Commitment- gradually making someone do bigger jobs after they've commitment. 3) Agentic shift- When someone takes resposibility for your actions 4) Situation factors
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What is a locus of control?
The belief regarding control in our lives. An internal locus of control means you believe you have the power to control events in our lives. An external locus means you do not control your life, these people are more likely to be influenced
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Explain OLINER& OLINER'S study into independent behaviour
Non-Jews from the period of the holocaust, 126 that did not help Jews and 406 who did. The 'rescuers' had a higher social responsibility and an internal locus of control. Social responsibility and locus of control are important in disobedience.
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Evaluate OLINER& OLINER'S study into independent behaviour.
STRENGTHS:Has high ecological validity WEAKNESSES: Relies on people's memories and could create demand characteristics
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Explain WILLIAMS& WARCHAL'S study into independent behaviour
Students did a conformity task, they were assesed using a locus of control. People who conformed were less assertive but had the same locus of control. Concludes locus of control doesn't exist
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Evaluate WILLIAMS& WARCHAL'S study into independent behaviour
STRENGTHS: Easy to find cause and effect WEAKNESSES: Biased sample; Low ecological validity
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What are factors of minority influence?
Legitimate authority- people obey a legitimate person; Informational social influence- A minority is obeyed if they have more knowledge; Graduated commitment- slowly asking people to do more; Consistency- a consistent figure has more influence
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Explain MOSCOVICI'S study into minority influence
He took groups of six with only two confederates. It was observed whether they would conform in a situation whether the minority was consistent or not. Less conformity in the inconsistent group. Consistency= Influence
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Evaluate MOSCOVICI'S study into minority influence
STRENGTHS: Easy to find cause and effect WEAKNESSES: Lacks ecological validity; Deception
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Explain CLARK'S study into minority influence
In a mock jury a minority had the job to influence a majority that someone was innocent. The minority was seen to have more knowledge. This informational influence, knowledge= influence
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Evaluate CLARK'S study into minority influence
STRENGTHS: Has high ecological validity; WEAKNESSES: Harder to find cause and effect
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What is social change?
When a whole society adopts a new belief which then becomes a norm
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What are the four implications of social change
1) Terrorist minorities 2) Presence of a dissenter 3) Widespread motivation to obey 4) Gradual comittment
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Explain the social change implication of terrorist minorities
terrorism is a form of social change when a direct social force is not possible. Minority factors such as consistency&persisent, internalisation and conformity to the zeigest ('spirit of the time')
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Explain the social change implication of presence of a dissenter
This is a powerful antidote to conformity. It enables others to break free of unjust social pressure e.e when Milgram put the participant with defiant peers.An indivual near to defiance will disobey with the support of others. E.g Ghandi
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Explain the social change implication of widespread motivation to obey
Obedience acts as a mechanism of social change.in Milgrams study this motivation is evident. But this can lead to real life atrocities e.g 'ethnic cleansing' such as the attempt toexterminate all European Jews during the Holocaust
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Explain the social change implication of gradual commitment
This is often used negativelt but can still create positive social change ZIMBARDO suggests that research also supports a 'drift to goodness' by using the same prinicples to promote pro social behaviour
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Explain the role of moral principles in social change
KOLBERG found that in MILGRAMS study those who based their decsions on moral principles were more defiant whereas those with less moral development obeyed. Those who resistobediance are freer to be a force for social change E.g Rosa Parks
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Card 2

Front

What are types of conformity?

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1)Compliance- going along with majority even if you don't agree. Linked to normative influence- avoiding rejection from a group. 2)Internalisation- following along with others and agreeing. Linked to informative influence, look to others for knowlege

Card 3

Front

Explain ASCH'S study into conformity

Back

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Card 4

Front

Evaluate ASCH'S study into conformity

Back

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Card 5

Front

Explain SHERIF'S study into conformity

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