"Efforts by one or more individuals to change the attitues, beliefs, perceptions or behaviours of one or more others"
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Social Facilitation
"Performance at a task is affected by the mere presence of another person"
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Dominant Response
"The behaviour that is most likely to be performed in a given situation"
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Performance of a Dominant Response is Enhanced when...
Arousal levels are moderate
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Evaluation Apprehension
"When in the presence of others, we are concerned that they are evauluating our performance"
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Distraction - Conflict Theory
When disracted, out attention is divided between the distraction and the task and so arousal levels increase.
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Increased Arousal Causes an Enhancement of...
Simple Tasks
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Increased Arousal Causes an Inhibitance of...
Complex Tasks
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Evaluation Apprehension...
Develops with age
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Conformity
"Individuals change their attitudes, beliefs, behaviours or perceptions in order to adhere to existing social norms"
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Internalisation
Public & private agreement to the majority view
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Compliance
Public agreement, but private disagreement, to the majority view
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Normative Social Influence
People conform to maintain harmony within a group & to prevent rejection; public agreement but private disagreement (compliance)
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Informational Social Influence
People conform when they are unsure or are persuaded; both public and private agreement (internalisation)
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Factors That Decrease Conformity
Group size; presence of others; amount of people that agree with majority view
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Factors That Increase Conformity
Attractiveness of belonging to the group; cohesiveness of the group: low self-esteem; low intelligence; high levels of anxiety; need ofr social approval; authoritarian personality
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People Are More Likely To Obey People In...
Authorative positions e.g. police officers
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Legitimacy Of The System
"The extent to which the government, army, religious group or family are a legitimate source of authority"
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Legitimacy Of The Authority
"The power of an individual, given by their position in the system, to give orders"
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Legitimacy Of The Order or Demand
"The extent to which the order or demand is percieved to be a legitimate area for the authroity figure"
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Situational Factors Affecting Obedience
Proximity of the learner; proximity of the authority figure; conflicting orders of authority figures; ability to withraw
"Someone who is obedient of people with high status, being very rigid in their beliefs and views"
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Factors That Cause Defiance of Authority
An unrespected environment; far proximity of authority figure; awareness of responsibility for own actions; low informational social influence; low normative social influence
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Deception
Deception should only be used where revealing the truth would affect the ecological validity of the study OR to get people to partake in a study that they would not if deception was not present
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Deception Was Used In...
Both Asch's & Milgram's Study
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Informed Consent
Without informed consent, research should be restricted to observations
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Informed Consent Was Not Present In...
Both Asch's & Milgram's study
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Harm to Participants
At no point should participants be at risk of harm during a study
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Harm to Participants Was Present In...
Both Asch's & Milgram's study
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Withdrawal from Study
Participants must be informed that they can withdraw from a study at any time
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Withdrawal from Study Was Not Used In...
Both Asch's & Milgram's study
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Ecological Validity
The extent to which the study reflects everyday life
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Ecological Validity Lacks In...
Both Asch's & Milgram's study
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Demand Characteristics
Participants guess what the aim of the experiment is and so try to act in an impressive way
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Demand Characteristics May Have Been Present In...
Both Asch's & Milgram's study
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Participants
They may not be representative of the target population
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
"Performance at a task is affected by the mere presence of another person"
Back
Social Facilitation
Card 3
Front
"The behaviour that is most likely to be performed in a given situation"
Back
Card 4
Front
Arousal levels are moderate
Back
Card 5
Front
"When in the presence of others, we are concerned that they are evauluating our performance"
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