Social Psychology

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What is the definition of hierarchy?
An implicit/explicit rank order of individuals or groups with respect to a valued social dimension
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What are the 2 behaviours that people may use ignorer to access resources?
1. Aggressive dominant behaviour. 2. Prosocial cooperative actions.
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What did Anicich et al find with low ranking hierarchal members of a team?
They still feel they cannot vote their opinion even under extreme conditions.
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What did Anicich et al find in their study of cross-national cultural values of hierarchy in climbing groups?
Cultural values was only a predictor for the performance of groups not solo expeditions. A wider range of cultures within a group led to groups being more likely to reach the summit but more fatalities along the way.
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What is power distance?
The extent to which people within a society accept the fact that power is distributed unequally. Explains cultural variation in hierarchy.
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What is the cultural view on hierarchy (Schwartz)?
People are socialised to comply with the rules associated with their roles.
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How may hierarchy have a positive effect on sporting performance?
Clearly defines roles. Facilitates group coordination and reduces conflict.
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How may hierarchy have a negative effect on sporting performance?
Prevents low ranking members from voicing their opinions.
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What is the top down approach to hierarchy?
Organisations differentiate members via formal structures and pay scales.
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What is the bottom up approach to hierarchy?
When status differences emerge informally via face to face interaction.
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What are the 3 dimensions of hierarchy?
Power (control over resources). Status (admiration and respect from others). Participation (contribution to tasks).
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What did Christie and Barling find in their study of status and inequality in basketball players?
Status hindered performance. They found mixed evident for effect of status on heath as low status players feel they have to attend training sessions even when unwell due to job insecurity.
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What are the characteristics of starting status (athlete who are in starting line up)?
Hold greater perceptions of dedication, social cohesion and satisfaction for ability utilisation.
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What are the characteristics of non-starting status (not in the starting line up)?
Grater role ambiguity and less role efficacy.
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What are common predictors of status in humans?
Height, Attractiveness, Vocal and Speech Characteristics, Career and Intelligence.
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What is the definition of collective efficacy (Bandura)?
A group's confidence in their collective capabilities to perform collective tasks.
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What is Zaccaro's definition of collective efficacy?
The sense of collective competence shared between individuals when allocating, coordinating and integrating their resources.
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What are the 6 main sources of collective efficacy?
1. Group Cohesion. 2. Group Leadership. 3. Prior Performance. 4.Vicaious Experience. 5. Group Size. 6. Verbal Persuasion.
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What did Bandura say is the most powerful source of collective efficacy?
Prior performance.
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What did Myers et al find about the relationship between performance and collective efficacy?
The relationship is reciprocal.
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What collective efficacy intervention did Munro-Chandler and Hall put in place?
10-15 minute per week imagery intervention
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What was the outcome of their intervention after measuring collective efficacy every week?
Improved confidence scores of the teammates
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Which source of collective efficacy would team building interventions improve?
Group cohesion
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What did Greenless et al find about teams with low collective efficacy?
They reduced their goals after failure.
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What is the behavioural outcome for teams with high CE?
They beat teams with low CE
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What is the cognitive outcome for teams with high CE?
they attribute success/failure to controllable factors and choose challenging goals.
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What is the affective outcome for teams with high CE?
Less anxiety before competitions and more pride.
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What 5 areas does the Collective Efficacy Questionnaire for Sport cover? (Short, Sullivan and Felts)
1. Ability. 2. Effort. 3. Persistence. 4. Preparation. 5. Unity.
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What did Hampson and Jowett find in relation to variance of CE?
Leadership behaviour from coaches influenced 26% of variance in CE. Coach-athlete relationship influenced a further 9%of the variance. They found that social support and a democratic style were the main influencers.
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What is the relationship between group size and CE?
Negative
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How does cohesion contribute to CE in resilient terms?
1. Fighting spirit during challenges. 2. Sticking to task at hard times. 3. Commitment to team. 4. Sustaining team morale. 5. Working together during setbacks.
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What did Hueze et al find in relation to cohesion and CE?
Task cohesion is a better source of CE than Social cohesion
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What did Weinburg and Gould say about the amount of resources within a group?
The importance of individual ability decreases as the need for coordination increases
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What does research on the variability of resources within a group show?
Heterogenous groups are more successful due to the more diverse skillset. However these findings are sport dependent as female tennis players were find to work better in a homogenous group.
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What is Steiner's conceptual model of group effectiveness?
Actual Productivity= Potential Productivity - Process Losses
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What does the big 5 factor model of personality consist of?
Openness. Conscientiousness. Extraversion. Agreeableness. Neuroticism.
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What is the spillover effect?
Stronger members within a group have a positive effect on weaker members. May explain why heterogenous groups tend to perform better.
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3 factors to assess when looking at groups resources?
1. Amount. 2. Variability. 3. Compatibility.
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What are the 3 main components of Carron and Hausenblas's group productivity model?
1. Group Structure (input). 2. Group Cohesion (throughput). 3. Group Processes (output).
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What are the 3 key components of group dynamics?
1. Nature. 2. Development. 3. Interrelations.
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What are the 6 key features of groups?
1. Share common fate. 2. Mutual benefits. 3. Have a social structure. 4. Presence of group processes. 5. Assembly effect bonus (the more members the better the outcome). 6. Self-categorisation.
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What is the definition of a team? (Weinburg and Gould)
Any group of people who must interact with each other in order to complete shared objectives.
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What are the 7 key features of a team?
1. Common identity. 2. Common goals. 3. Common fate. 4. Structures patterns of interaction. 5. Perceptions of group structure. 6. Individuals are independent but reciprocate attraction to team. 7. Self-categorise.
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What is the Ringlemann Effect? (Weinburg and Gould)
Individual performance decreases as the group size increases.
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Group composition definition? (Carron, Brawley and Widmeyer)
A dynamic process which is reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its goals or satisfaction of member needs.
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What sis Ingham put the Ringlemann effect down to after research?
Reduced motivation due to less personal accountability
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What is social loafing? (Karu and Williams)
The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively rather than individually.
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What increases social loafing?
When output of task cannot be evaluated individually. When effort is perceived to be redundant. When low value is placed on the task. When no comparison based on group standards is available. When others are expected to perform well.
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Card 2

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What are the 2 behaviours that people may use ignorer to access resources?

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1. Aggressive dominant behaviour. 2. Prosocial cooperative actions.

Card 3

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What did Anicich et al find with low ranking hierarchal members of a team?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What did Anicich et al find in their study of cross-national cultural values of hierarchy in climbing groups?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

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What is power distance?

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