Social Psychology, Obedience

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What is obedience?
Following orders given by a legitimate authority figure.
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What is ecological validity?
Whether the findings accurately represent real life. More realistic studys give higher ecological validity.
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What is reliability?
Whether or not the results are reproducible if the study is repeated.
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What is mundane realism?
The extent to which findings can generalise from experiments to real life situations.
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What is generalisability?
Whether the findings can also be applied to other people outside of the target population.
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What are the 4 ethichal guidelines for psychology?
Respect, competence, integrity and responsibility.
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Whendid Milgram's study take place?
1963.
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Describe the participants of Milgram's study.
40 men, white, aged 20-50, living in New Haven (America).
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How many participants went to 300v and 450v?
100% went to 300v, 65% went to 450v.
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Give an exapmle of a prod used by the experimentor.
"The experiment requires you to continue".
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Name and describe Milgram's variation "Experiment 7".
The "telephonic instructions" study was held ay Yale and all factors of the study stayed the same apart from the experimenter giving instructions over the phone.
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How many participants of "Experiment 7" went to 450v?
22.5%.
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Name and describe Milgram's variation "Experiment 10".
The "run down office block" study followed the same format as the origional except the study was held in the rundown Bridgeport Offices.
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How many participants of "Experiment 10" went to 450v?
47.5%.
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Name and describe Milgram's variation "Experiment 13".
The "ordinary man" study was held at Yale and there was a second participant who was a stooge. The experimentor left during the study leaving the stooge in charge of the real participant.
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How many participants of "Experiment 13" went to 450v?
20%.
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What is agency theory?
The idea that social systems cause obedience, and that people in society are "agents" for their society and will therefore act in a way that benefits society.
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Who studied agency theory?
Milgram.
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What is the agentic state?
When people act as "agents" to authority figures and will follow their orders.
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What is the autonomous state?
When people listen to their conscience and have control over what they do.
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What is moral strain?
When people know what they're doing is wrong but carry on doing it anyway.
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What is agentic shift?
When people go from the autonomous state to the agentic state.
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Describe the participants of Burger's study.
70 people, all ethnicities, aged20-81.
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Describe Burger's aims.
To see if people would still obey today and to replicate Milgram in an ethical way.
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When did Burger's study take place?
2009.
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What precautions did Burger take that Milgram didn't?
Burger ensured no particippants knew of Milgram's work, the remaining perticipants went through 2 screening stages where their mental health and background were assessed, a clinical psychologist also interviewed them.
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How many participants were screened out after the first stage?
30%.
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How many participants did the clinical psychologist reject?
38.2%.
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How many people were dropped on the day of the study and why?
6 people; 5 knew of Milgram and 1 didn't turn up.
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What did Burger do differently to Milgram and why?
Burger's shockl generator went to 450v but the experiment was stopped at 150v as Burger described this as the "point of no return".
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Why did Burger see 150v as the "point of no return"?
In Milgram's study 79% of people who went to 150v carried on to 450v.
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What sample shock did Burger give and how did this differ from Milgram's?
Burger gave participants a 15v shock, Milgram gave participants a 45v shock.
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What were the 2 conditions Burger used?
Base condition and modelled refusal condition.
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What was the base condition?
The same as Milgram's origional study; one other participant (learner) and the experimenter.
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What was the modelled refusal condition?
Anpther confederate joined as a participant and started the experiment until 75v when they asked the real participant to continue.
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How many participants went to continue past 150v in the base condition?
70%
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How many participants went to continue past 150v in the modelled refusal condition?
63.3%
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What factors affect obedience?
Escalation of commitment, novel situation, prestige of experimentor, lack of assigned responsibility, proximity of experimenter, cultures.
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What is a collectivist culture?
Where people recognise the importance of the needs and goals of a group over those of the individual.
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What is an individualistic culture?
Where people prioritize their own needs over the needs of a group and focus on independence.
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What is dissent?
When someone is not being obedient; going against the majority.
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Give examples of situational variables.
Proximity of experimenter, novel situation, prestige of experimenter.
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Give examples of individual variables.
Culture, gender, personality.
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What is social impact theory?
The idea that the level of social impact can change depending on different variables.
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Who studied social impact theory?
Latane
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What are the key principles of social impact theory?
The idea that; social influence causes obedience, humans are influenced by the actions of others, peoples actions influence how we feel and respond.
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What is meant by the "target" and the "source"?
The target is the person or group being impacted upon, the source is the influencer.
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What is meant by "strength"?
How important the source is to the target.
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What is meant by "immediacy"?
How close the source is to the target at the time.
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What is meant by "number"?
How many there are of the source or target.
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What is the multiplicative effect?
The idea that the higher the strength, immediacy and number are, the higher the social impact.
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What is the divisional effect?
The idea that a person feels less accountable for their actions if there are more people.
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What is the "lightbulb effect"?
The idea that social influence increases with growing number but at a decreasing rate.
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Who looked at social impact theory and when?
Berkowitz, Bickman and Milgram, 1969.
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What did B.B.M. do?
They got 1-15 confederates to look at the 6th floor of a University to see if others would follow.
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How many people looked up with 1 confederate?
42%.
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How many people looked up with 15 confederates?
86%.
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Card 3

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Card 4

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Card 5

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