Sample was not representative because it makes it difficult to generalise to other cultures and can be seen as ETHNOCENTRIC and ANDROCENTRIC.
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RELIABILITY
Study was well thought out. He measured precisely, tape recorded confederates, standardised instructions therefore can be repeated and tested.
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APPLICATION TO REAL LIFE
Shown the world destructive obedience. Helps us understand the Holocaust, why so many Germans killed Jews and why children obey parents.
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VALIDITY
Staged a sample shock of 45v, convincing equipment, organised cries, tested 'natural' behaviour of obedience, high experimental validity, low ecological validity and mundane realism.
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ETHICAL ISSUES
Continually decieved pt's, put under extreme stress, cultural bias, gender bias.
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STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF VARIATION STUDIES
Easy to replicate, lacks ecological validity, demand characteristics, 80% were convinced, signs of anxiety, not ethical, pressured pt's, debriefed.
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AIM OF BURGER (2009)
Aimed to replicate Milgram's study to find out whether people would still obey today.
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CONCLUSION OF BURGER (2009)
Burger found out that people are just as willing to give painful shocks when urged by an authority figure, no significant difference.
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GENERALISABILITY (BURGER)
Sample was limited as they were all volunteers (self-selection issues) can generalise to cultures used men and women and different cultures.
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RELIABILITY (BURGER)
Study was well thought out, laboratory experiment, control over conditions, standardised instructions, recorded. Repeatable and reliable.
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APPLICATION (BURGER)
Can help us understand the holocaust where Eichmann went on trial stating he was "only obeying orders".
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VALIDITY (BURGER)
Lab exp. means low ecological validity, mundane realism (mundane validity) limited application. However, high experimental validity- replicable
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ETHICAL ISSUES (BURGER)
More ethical then Milgrams stopped shocks beyond 150v and gave opportunity to withdraw 3 times, still used deception, too many differences compared to Milgrams.
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FACTORS AFFECTING OBEDIENCE- PROXIMITY
Milgram found out that the proximity of Authority Figure had an effect on obedience levels. when given instructions over telephone obedience levels dropped to 21%
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FACTORS AFFECTING OBEDIENCE- LOCATION
Study was held in Yale University (prestigious) participants are likely to obey as researchers are experts. Run down office block- not significant drop, location is not as influential as authority figure.
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FACTORS AFFECTING OBEDIENCE- UNIFORM
Research has shown that uniforms can have a powerful impact on obedience. eg; the experimenter in Milgram's study was seen as a 'LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY' as he wore a lab coat.
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PREJUDICE
To prejudge someone. An extreme attitude.
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DISCRIMMINATION
When we behave negatively towards people based on their membership of a group. The behaviour towards another person based on prejudice.
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SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY- TAJFEL & TURNER (1979)
Social identity theory shares that prejudice can be explained by our tendency to identify ourselves as part of a group.
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TAJFEL (1979)
Believed prejudice was a natural result of grouping, they come to see that their group is better and proposed 3 cognitive processes; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION, SOCIAL CATEGORISATION AND SOCIAL COMPARISON.
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SOCIAL CATEGORISATION
Seeing someone as part of a group. Forms the idea of 'in-groups' and 'out-groups'
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SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION
The process of moving a oneself as part of the in-group'. We adopt the identity of the group, follow behavioural norms and attitudes.
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SOCIAL COMPARISON
Occurs with the 'out-group'. Seeing that there group is better then the 'out-group' enhances self-esteem. Leads to group favouritism and 'out-group' prejudice.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
RELIABILITY
Back
Study was well thought out. He measured precisely, tape recorded confederates, standardised instructions therefore can be repeated and tested.
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