Social Lecture 2 Attitudes

?
  • Created by: freya_bc
  • Created on: 08-03-18 18:45
Fazio, 1989)
attitude= associations between attitude objects and evaluations of these objects
1 of 42
Pratkanis and Greenwald, 1989
‘an attitude is represented in memory by 1) an object label and rules for applying that label, 2) an evaluative summary of that object 3) a knowledge structure supporting that evaluation
2 of 42
Thurstone, 1931
affective evaluation- unitary model
3 of 42
Allport (1935)
dual model- mental readiness, guide evaluative responses
4 of 42
Bem, 1960)
Self-perception theory infer attitudes from own behaviour
5 of 42
Jennings & Niemi, 1968
source of attitude info- Parents Infer attitudes from those most closest to you strength of association ranges from strong for broad issues e.g. poltiics, religion, to very weak (Connell, 1972) for specific attitudes
6 of 42
Atkin, (1980)
source of attitude info- mass media, Particularly television an important influence of attitude formation especially in children links between television advertisements and children’s attitude
7 of 42
Katz, 1960
attitudes serve as conscious and unconscious motives and have dif functions- knowledge function (organise info we encounter) and utilitarian- behave in socially acceptable ways to gain positive and avoid neg outcomes
8 of 42
Osgood, Suci and Tannenbaum, 1957
semantic differential scale
9 of 42
Fazio, (1989)
attitude accessibility model- attitudes that have a strong link in mem highly accessible, attitudes most influ when rel and important, attitudes accessible from recent activation
10 of 42
LaPiere (1934)
classic study: hoteliers and restauranteur's attitudes towards Asians in 1930’s USA
11 of 42
Wicker (1969)
meta-analysis: attitudes weakly correlated with behaviour across 45 studies (r =.15)
12 of 42
Gregson and Stacey (1981
only a small positive correlation between attitudes and alcohol consumption
13 of 42
Fishbein (1967)
attitudes alone will not predict behaviour Interaction between beliefs, values, attitudes, and intentions important- expectancy-value model of attitudes - need belief and value to that belief to act on it belief mutliplied for a score
14 of 42
Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980)
Theory of Reasoned Action behave beliefs x value = attitude vs normative x motiv to comply= subjective norms eval self efficacy
15 of 42
Madden, Ellen & Ajzen,1992
perceived behavioural control
16 of 42
Fazio’s (1990)
MODE (Motivation and Opportunity as DEterminants of processing) model
17 of 42
Dovidio et al (1997)
racial attitudes
18 of 42
Hovland & Weiss, 1952)
Experts more persuasive (and credible) than non-experts
19 of 42
Kiesler & Kiesler, 1969
Popular and attractive communicators are most effective
20 of 42
Miller et al., 1976),
People speaking more quickly are more effective than slow speakers, conveys expertise in subject matter
21 of 42
Bochner and Insko (1996)
source credibility study into hours of sleep advocated by source vs discrepancy from modal student opinion from low cred vs high cred instruction
22 of 42
Janis & Feshbach, 1953)
early research suggest low fear optimal e.g. dentla hygiene
23 of 42
Leventhal et al. (1967)
found high-fear message promoted greater willingness to stop smoking
24 of 42
McGuire (1969)
suggested an ‘inverted-U’ hypothesis Messages with too little fear may not highlight the potential harm of the targeted act
25 of 42
Keller & Block, 1995)
Very disturbing images may distract people from the message itself or may evoke an ‘avoidance’ reaction
26 of 42
Witte & Allen (2000
strong fear appeals produce high levels of perceived severity and susceptibility, and are most persuasive fear can motivate adaptive actions e.g. message acceptance and maladaptive actions e.g. defensive avoidance strong fear appeals and ...
27 of 42
...
high-efficacy messages produce the greatest behavior change whereas strong fear appeals with low-efficacy messages produce the greatest levels of defensive responses Ignore message, discredit source
28 of 42
Eagly and Chaiken (1983
easy messaged best videtape then audio then written, difficult best written then video then audio
29 of 42
Hovland et al.)
People with low self-esteem were more susceptible to persuasion and attitude change
30 of 42
McGuire (1968
suggested that this also followed an inverted-U relationship Low self esteem – less attentive, more anxious High self esteem – less susceptible to influence, more self assured
31 of 42
Cooper, 1979)
Women more easily persuaded than men
32 of 42
Eagly et al., 1981
Socialisation into cooperative roles
33 of 42
Eagly and Carli, 1981)
Meta-analysis indicates that across studies and topics, women more easily persuaded
34 of 42
Carli (1990)
men in particular resist influence by women – especially when communication has a highly competent, powerful style
35 of 42
Petty & Cacioppo (1986)
Elaboration Likelihood Model -Two ‘routes’ to persuasion Central route = when message is followed closely, considerable cognitive effort expended Peripheral route = Superficial processing of peripheral cues, attraction rather than information
36 of 42
Chaiken (1987)
heuristic-systematic model- Systematic processing - careful, deliberative scanning and processing of available information Heuristic processing - people use ‘cognitive heuristics’ or ‘shortcuts’ to make judgements ‘longer arguments are always convinc
37 of 42
Petty and Wegener (1998)
suggest a ‘sufficiency threshold’ – as long as heuristics produce an attitude that we are confident with if not, systematic processing may be used
38 of 42
Gorn, 1982; Bohner et al., 1994)
Use of systematic processing also halted by: Mood – people in good moods tend to use heuristics and emo- high fear message process peripherially low fear central
39 of 42
Festinger (1954)
cog dissonance theory- how attitudes, behaviour and self-esteem (self-image) are linked Cognitive dissonance – unpleasant state of psychological tension when inconsistency occurs
40 of 42
Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)
induced cognitive dissonance- rating of liking for the task none 1, $1 2.5 (must have been quite interesting) $20 1.25? (did it for the money)
41 of 42
Aronson and Mills, (1959)
disucssion- if severe rating more interesting, then mild then control, pp severe control then mild
42 of 42

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Pratkanis and Greenwald, 1989

Back

‘an attitude is represented in memory by 1) an object label and rules for applying that label, 2) an evaluative summary of that object 3) a knowledge structure supporting that evaluation

Card 3

Front

Thurstone, 1931

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Allport (1935)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Bem, 1960)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Attitudes, Persuasive communication and attitude change resources »