social influence

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define obedience
Obedience: complying with the orders of an
authority figure.
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define authority figure
Authority figure: someone with more power and
control than another.
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define conformity
Conformity: matching the behaviour and beliefs of
others in order to fit in or because we do not know
how to behave in an unusual situation.
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what are the three types of conformity?
• compliance
• internalisation
• identification.
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define compliance
Compliance: going along with
the majority even though we
privately do not agree.
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define internalisation
Internalisation: going along
with the majority because we
do not know how to behave in a
situation – we adopt the beliefs
of the group.
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define indentification
indentification:temporarily
adopting the behaviours of a role
model or group.
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what are the two explanations for conformity?
informational and normative social influence
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define informational social influence
Informational social influence:
conformity because we do not
know how to behave; others
provide this information so
we adopt their beliefs and
behaviours.
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define normative social influence
Normative social influence:
compliance because of the need
to fit into a group.
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define deindividuation
Deindividuation: loss of
personal self-awareness and
responsibility as a result of being
in a group.
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define bystander effect
Bystander effect: sometimes
called bystander apathy, when we
fail to help another in need.
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what are the situational factors effecting bystander intervention?
1.diffusion of responibility
2.cost of helping
3.noticing the event
4.pluralistic ignorance
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how does diffusion of responibility effect bystander intervention?
When we witness an emergency situation in a crowd, the larger the
crowd is, the less responsibility individuals feel to intervene because we
diffuse the responsibility onto others.
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how does noticing the event effect bystander intervention?
In large crowds we tend to keep ourselves to ourselves and pay less attention
to what is going on around us. We are therefore less likely to notice an
emergency situation than when on our own.
so we less likely to intervene
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how does the cost of helping effect bystander intervention?
In a emergency situation,if the cost of helping is high we are less likely to intervene.
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what are personal factors effecting bystander intervention?
1.competence
2.mood
3.similiarity
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how does competence effect bystander intervention?
If we feel competent enough to help, this can influence whether we help or not and the type of help we give. For example, if we are trained in using CPR to resuscitate a person who has stopped breathing, we are more likely to intervene in a situation wher
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how does mood effect bystander intervention?
People are more likely to intervene and help another if they are in a good mood. When we are in a bad mood or feel sad, we tend to focus our attention inwardly on ourselves. When in a happy mood, we tend to look outward and pay attention to others around
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how does similiarity effect bystander intervention?
If we perceive ourselves as similar to a person in need, we are more likely to help them. We identify with the victim and we can see how the same fate may be true for us. If you were a victim of bullying at school, for example, it is likely that you might
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define confederate
Confederate: a researcher or
other person who is acting in a
study but does not know what
the study is about.
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what was the aim of Asch's conformity experiment?
Aim

To Investigate the effects of group pressure on
individuals opinion in situations where the answer is obvious (unambigious)
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what was the method Asch used when he conducted his conformity experiment.
Participant were placed second to last in a group of 6 stooges. Everyone was presented with a standard line and 3 comparison lines. They had to say out loud which comparison line matched the standard line. On specific trials, the stooges had all been to
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what was the results from Asch's conformity experiment?
Asch found that there was very little conformity when the majority consisted of just one or two confederates 3%
However, under the pressure of a majority of three confederates, the proportion of conforming responses jumped up to about 32%.
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what did Asch conclued for this experiment?
These findings suggest that participants will conform to the majority in order to fit in. This is known as normative social influence.
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what are situational factors affecting conformity from Asch's conformity experiment?
1.task difficulty
2.Unanimity of the Majority
3.size of the majority
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what did Asch find about size of the majority?
size of the majority -Asch found conformity was 3% with one confederate present, 13% with two confederates and 37% with three confederates, suggesting that the greater the majority, the greater the conformity.
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what did Asch find about task difficulty ?
When the test lines were similar lengths and the task was harder, conformity increased.
We are more likely to look to others and conform because of informational social influence when we are in unfamiliar or ambiguous situations because we feel unsure so
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what did Asch find about unanimity of the majority?
We are more likely to conform if everyone in the majority in unanimous
Asch found that if one confederate picked the correct line, conformity rates dropped, suggesting that everyone has to agree for conformity to occur
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define locus of control
Locus of control: the extent to which we believe we have control over our behaviour/life.
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define internal locus of control
Internal locus of control: when we feel we have
personal control over our own behaviour.
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define external locus of control
External locus of control: when we feel that factors external to us control our behaviour.
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are people with an internal locus of control likely to conform?
no
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define blind obedience
Blind obedience: when we
comply with the orders of an
authority figure without question;
this tends to be associated with a
negative outcome.
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what was the aim of milgram's stock experiment?
Milgram (1963) was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person.Milgram was interested in how easily ordinary people could be influenced into committing atrocities, for example, Germans
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what are the situational factors affect obedience according to milgram's experiment?
Proximity of the victim
Proximity of the authority figure
Authority figure characteristics
Legitimacy of the context
Personal responsibility
Support of others
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what did milgram find about the proximity of the victim?
Proximity of the victim - Refers to how close the person receiving the punishment is to you.When the victim was in the same room as the participant obedience fell to 40% and 30% if they had to place their hands on the shock plate.
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what did milgram find about proximity of authority?
Proximity of Authority Refers to how close the person giving the instructions is to you. Milgram in one variation gave instructions over the phone. Obedience fell to 20.5%.
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what did milgram find about personal responibility?
Personal responsibility This refers to how responsible we feel for our actions. In one variation the participant did not have to give the shocks themselves instead they told someone else to, odenience Increased to 90%.
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what did milgram find about support of others?
Support of others This refers to the extent other people also obey or refuse to obey. In one variation the participant was placed with two confederates who refused to obey.Dropped to 10%.
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what did milgram find about legitimacy of context?
Legitimacy of context The original study was conducted in a prestigious environment but when it was conducted in an informal setting such as a run down office the result. Obedience 47.5%
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what did milgram find about authority figure?
Authority figure The original study the authority figure was dressed legitimacy (lab coat) they changed this and got a member of the public to do it. Obedience fell to 20%
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what is the aim of piliavin's experiment?
To investigate helping behavior in a natural
environment and understand the conditions in
which people are likely to help
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what is the method of piliavin's experiment?
Covert observation on New York Subway between 11am and 3pm (4500 men and women)Confederates from Columbia university (2 males, 1 victim and 1 model and 2 female
observers Male victim stood by hand rail, male model sat and either offered help of sat still
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what is the method of piliavin's experiment?
After first stop the victim collapsed in critical area, the female observers made a note of how many people helped, making a note of race, sex and time taken
103 trail variations
Sober or carrying a bottle in brown bag
White or black
Model help or not
Mod
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what are the findings of piliavin's experiment?
When carrying a cane 62/65 helped before model
When drunk 19/38 before model
Total 81/103 people helped
60% of time more than one passenger helped
90% of first helpers were male
64% of first helpers were white
68% of white people helped white people, 50%
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what did piliavin conclued on this experiment?
We help people rather than drunk due to the cost of helping
Men help more than women due to the cost of helping (both less and more, women are not expected to help)
Small tendency to same race helping
Larger groups help more due to the cost of helping. (b
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what is the aim of Zimbardo's experiment?
To investigate prisoner guard conflict in a simulated prison environment.
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method of Zimbardo's experiment
Adverts placed in newspaper
22 male volunteers selected, 1 dropped out, leaving 10 prisoners and 11 guards, these roles randomly assigned.
Paid $15 a day Simulated prison at Stanford University, California
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method of Zimbardo's experiment
2 week experiment
The guards wore khaki shirts and trousers, dark glasses and carried wooden batons
The guards were allowed to make up the rules
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method of zimbardo's experiment
Prisoners arrested by real officers
Handcuffed
Searched
Stripped
ID number
Put in cells
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results of Zimbardo's experiment
Within a very short time both guards and prisoners were settling into their new roles, the guards adopting theirs quickly and easily.
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results of zimbardo's experiment
Within hours of beginning the experiment some guards began to abuse prisoners. They behaved in a brutal and sadistic manner, apparently enjoying it. Other guards joined in, and other prisoners were also tormented.
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results of zimbardo's experiment
The guards took to their roles with such eagerness that the study had to be discontinued after six days instead of the proposed 14
Some prisoners exhibited passive behaviour, depression, crying and anxiety
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conclusion of zimbardo's experiment
Prisoners and guards conformed to the role.
Uniforms deindividuated them, facilitating a change in behaviours, losing their personal identity and adopting the identity they were given
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

define authority figure

Back

Authority figure: someone with more power and
control than another.

Card 3

Front

define conformity

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are the three types of conformity?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

define compliance

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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