too much focus on cognitive, not enough on wider social context - social identity was formulated as a result
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why do we affiliate with groups?
feel valued/secure and become emotionally attached to group - make categorisations based on class etc
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what 2 aspects are important for identity? (tajfel & turner)
personal identity and social identity
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what is personal identity?
individual traits and interpersonal (e.g. things you like)
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what is social identity?
group and intergroup (e.g. student behave as group)
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what is intergroup bias?
when our social identity is salient, we are motivated to see group as being better than other groups
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what happens if we see ourselves negatively?
poor social identity and low self-esteem
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what is the self esteem hypothesis?
intergroup discrimination leads to increased self-esteem - low self-esteem leads to increased intergroup discrimination
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what did Oakes and Turner find? (resource allocation task)
pps split into 2 groups (half took part in task, half simply read newspaper) - pps who had been able to discriminate subsequently showed higher self-esteem than controls (but mixed results for 2nd part of hypothesis)
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what did Crocker & Shwartz (1985) find?
pps with low self-esteem showed more discrimination than those with high self-esteem
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what did Abrams (1982) find?
high self esteem had more bias
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limitation of these studies on self-esteem?
dont always apply in real life - and group memberships may be less important for majority groups
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what are the main ways of enhancing social identity?
BIRGing and CORFing
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what is BIRGing?
basking in reflected glory - group does well, identify more highly with
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what did cialdini, Borden, & thorne (1976) find?
observed clothing of students after American football matches - hadnt won match wasnt a difference, but if had won match much more people wearing uni clothing
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what is CORFing?
cutting off reflected failure - Boen et al 2002 - if group doing badly we do opposite to reduce identification with group
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what 3 factors determine what strategy is used for low status groups on enhancing SI?
legitimacy (status of group legitimate or not), stability (status likely to change over time or not), permeability (able to leave group or not)
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what 3 main strategies are used to enhance SI?
social mobility, social competition, social creativity?
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what is social mobility?
individual moving out of the social group into a different one - used if there is legitimate stable differences in status and permeable boundaries (e.g. work hard for promotion)
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what is social competition?
group challenge/compete with high status group - likely to be used if impermeable boundaries and if high status group unstable/illegitimate (e.g. women seeking equal pay)
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what is social creativity?
group strategy used if impermeable boundaries and if high status group is stable and seemingly legitimate (e.g. black movement)
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evidence for enhancing strategies?
Ellemers et al (1993) - group members considered low status more acceptable when seemed legitimate - illegitimate assignment of low status increased in-group identification - if permeable (can move) but status is stable people will still aim
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what is identity shift?
when group identity becomes salient, define selves as less as personal identity and more of group identity - see selves as interchangeable representative of social group
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what is depersonalisation?
group's range of norms, behaviours and characteristics associated with it - group norms guide behaviour and make you do things wouldnt do alone
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what did Jetten, Spears, & Manstead (1997) find?
2 minimal groups, told other ingroup groups are either fair/discriminatory - found increased ingroup bias on allocation task in discriminatory group
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what 2 types of threat to SI are there?
threat to group esteem (arises when other group derogates us), and threat to group distinctiveness (arises when too similar to relevant outgroup)
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what is ingroup favouritism?
motivation to re-establish distinctiveness so make group as different from outgroup as possible by being better - likely to happen for people who highly identify with ingroup
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what did Crisp, Stone & Hall (2006) find?
tested uni groups on identification with uni - those who highly identified showed greater group bias when told unis would merge (no difference between controls) - distinctiveness shown
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what is distinctiveness?
aim to positively differentiate selves from other group
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
why do we affiliate with groups?
Back
feel valued/secure and become emotionally attached to group - make categorisations based on class etc
Card 3
Front
what 2 aspects are important for identity? (tajfel & turner)
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