Social developments under Stalin

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When were church lands seized?
1917
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Shortly after, what were taken over by the state?
Church schools and seminaries
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When was the official seperation of the Church and the state?
1918
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When was the teaching of religion banned in schools?
1921
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What were monastries turned into after they became state property?
Hospitals, schools, prisons and barracks
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Why did hundreds of priests ;lose their lives during the times of war communism?
They were deprived of rations
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Who was the patriarch of the Orthodox church and when were they arrested?
Tikhon and arrested in 1922
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What were the church bells that were seized in the civil war used for?
Melted down and sold to raise famine relief
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What was the newspaper that spread atheist literature called?
'The Godless'
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What replaced Christmas and Easter?
New Years and May day respectively
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What prevented the 'Holy day' church attendence and when was it introduced?
'uninterrupted six-day work week' in 1932
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What was Stalin raised to be before he became an atheist?
A priest
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What were priests accused of being?
Capitalist spies in league with the kulaks
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What were banned along with bibles?
Religious icons
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When did Stalin's campaign against religion start to slow down breifly?
1935
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What reappeared when Stalin's campaign slowed down?
Christmas trees
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What accelerated the campaign?
The Terror
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When did the campaign against religion end?
1941
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Why did Stalin end the campaign against religion?
He needed the Church's support during the war
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Name two examples of Islamic laws that muslims were forbidden to follow
Ramadan was forbidden and women could not wear their veil
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What prejudice was continued from Lenin's campaign?
Anti-semitism
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What did the rest of Europe believe that communism was a result of?
The Bolsheviks conspiring with the Jews
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What showed that Stalin had limited power over the Church?
Underground Churches
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What shows that the campaign was not enforced particularly effectively?
The temporary break in 1935
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What was Stalin's main aim to become during the campaign against religion?
The God of Russia, suggesting complete dictatorship
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When was the decree for National minorities?
November 1917
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Who opted to become an Independant state?
Finland
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What was set up in Ukraine?
An elected Parliament
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Why did Lenin stick to his original principles towards national minorities?
He couldn't afford to lose Ukraine or Georgia during the civil war
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What were national minorities given in the Communist Party?
Seperate representation
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Early communists promoted literary campaigns, which encouraged what?
The use of national languages
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When were anti-Semitic laws abolished?
1917
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What was Stalin's first strategy to attack national minorities?
He arbitrarily combined two or more unrelated ethnic groups within a single ethnic territory
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How were national minorities suppressed brutally?
During the forced famine of 1932-33 in Ukraine
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When did the wholesale deportation of national minorities start?
During WW2
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How did Stalin divide ethnic groups?
With artificially drawn borders
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In 1937, Stalin created three seperate ethnic entities out of what?
The former Mongolian Buryat Autonomous Republic
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How many people were deported into exile in total?
1,250,000
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What did he hope his policy towards nationalities would do?
Draw them closer to the Russian nationality
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What did he look to to bind different nations together?
Russian culture and language
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What were the purged native communist elites replaced with?
Russian or thoroughly Russified persons
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What became mandatory in schools?
Teaching of the Russian language
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What was strengthened?
Centralized authority in Moscow
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What did Stalin define a nation as?
'historically constituted, stable community of people... manifested in a common culture'
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What led to Stalin's exploitation of Russian Nationalism?
The onset of WW2
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In the post WW2 victory celebrations, what were other nationalities punished as?
Traitors
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Where were 'undesirable' individuals identified from?
NKVD officials and police lists
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What did the Purges develop into identifying?
Whole catagories and broad social groups
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When did the subject of the purge become national groups?
The summer of 1937
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Where were thousands of Koreans sent to?
Central Asia
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Why did national sweeps of Eastern and Central Europeans begin?
Because there were concerns that they acted as spies
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Why were Chines and Afghans targeted?
Following hostilities in the East
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During 1944-5, why did Stalin increase his deportation of nationalities?
He feared that they would agitate for their own independence by joining Nazi invaders
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What was the Bolshevik view as the only education required?
Could be best achieved through a system of learning known as 'productice labour'
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What did this method involve?
Sending children into factories to work alongside workers to learn skills
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Who were young children taught by?
Babushkas (old women who cared for children at home) or their grandfathers
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What happened to schooling during the NEP?
Due to financial pressures, universal schooling was abandoned
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By 1923, how did the number of children in schools compare to two years earlier?
Barely half
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What was a teachers pay in 1925?
A fraction of an industrial workers pay
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What was the emphasis on aquiring knowledge in the 1920's?
It was despised
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What was considered more important than education?
Ideology
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Traditional teachers were driven out and replaced by what?
More committed communists
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Who were given priority on higher educational courses?
Students from a proletarian background
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What years did the Komsomol cater for?
10-28
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Who did the Komsomol become more signifcant under?
Stalin
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What did the Komsomol teach?
Communist values
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What was discouraged within the Komsomol?
Smoking, drinking and religion
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What activities were intended to inspire communist values?
Volunteer social work, sports and political/drama clubs
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What were built for the Young Pioneers (10-15 year old youth group)?
Special 'palaces' that served as community centres that orgnaised summer and winter holiday camps
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When was the Komsomol directly affiliated with the Party?
1939
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What oath did the members take?
To Live, study and fight for the fatherland
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Who did the Komsomol help assist?
The Red Army and the police
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What were the advantages of membership to the Komsomol?
Favour in matters of employment, promotion and scholarships
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What were Komsomol members particularly enthusiastic about?
The industrialization drive, joining activist groups and flocking to projects such as Magnitogorsk
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What pre-occupations were condemned as 'hooliganism'?
Western cultures such as jazz, fashion and cinema
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What did Stalin intend to expand as part of an eduction reform?
Nursery, primary, secondary and further education
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At what age was free nursery care given?
3
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How many years of Kindergarten were there?
4
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How long was it compulsary to be in education?
Until 15 years old
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What was made compulsary?
The learning of Russian
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What was also introduced?
A rigorous examination system
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Education was no longer controlled by the Central Committee but by who?
Narkompros (people's commisariat of Enlightenment)
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Who appointed teaching staff?
Each republics education ministry who appointed a school board who appointed the teaching staff
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What was rife in schools?
Propoganda
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What has been argued was the main goal of increasing literacy?
So people could understand propoganda messages
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What percentage of Soviet peasant households were part of an agricultural co-operative by 1927?
50%
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What was the maximum working day reduced to?
8 hours
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What were women given the right to?
Own property
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What was taken out of the hands of the church?
Divorce
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How many kulaks emigrated?
2-3 million
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What did Lenin encourage in terms of living conditions?
Communual living with shared kitchens and toilets
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How many people were taught basic literacy?
5 million
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What percentage of people were literate by 1941?
90%
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In Moscow, what percentage of people lived in a one room apartment?
79%
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What was often in short supply?
Water and electricity
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How did people attempt to fix broken windows due to state ownership?
Boarded up and stuffed with paper and rags to keep out the cold
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What did the cold and damp conditions lead to?
Acute rhuematic conditions
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Who did not suffer these awful conditions?
State officials and bureaucrats
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What did Stalin believe was a reward for hard work?
Food
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What food was scarce?
Meat, fish, dairy produce and salt
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Who had at least one meal a day?
Workers
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When did official food rationing end?
1935
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Who made clothing?
Unskilled workers
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What did the loss of livestock mean at the start of collectivization mean?
Leather became scarce and thus so did footwear
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What was common in both the countryside and urban localities?
Black markets- those found guilt of illicit trading were treated like criminals and sentenced to terms of imprisonment, up to 30 years
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By the time Stalin was in power, how many orphaned children were there on the streets of Russia
Between 4 and 7 million children
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What contributed to the countries soaring crime rate?
Children joining gangs
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A law was passed when which imposed the death penalty on children as young as what?
1938 and 12 years old
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Two examples of propganda street processions
May day and anniversary of October revolution
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Street Theatre example
Re-enactment of the storming of the winter palace in November 1920 which involved 10,000 people
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Where did Lenin want cinemas to be used for propganda?
Places where cinemas are 'a novelty'
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Filmaking was put under the Poliburo to become what?
'A form understood by the millions'
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How many posters were displayed on the Petrograd ROSTA over a 2 year period?
More than 1000
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What did museums focus on?
Exposing people to socialist realism
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What did symphonies have to be in?
A major key
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Who embraced the 'genre of silence'
Boris Pasternak
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Give two examples of socialist realist literatures
'Cement' and 'The Great Conveyor Belt'
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What was the name of the 13-year-old boy who denounced his father to the authorities and was in turn killed by his family?
Pavlik Morozov
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How many times did Alexei Stakhanov exceed his targets by?
15 times
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What did Mukhina contruct in 1937 and what event did it coincide with?
'Worker and Kolkhoz woman' and the height of the purges
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Under who were laws regarding marriage, children and divorce relaxed?
Lenin
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What did this mean for men and divorce?
Men could divorce easier, even without their wives knowing
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What rate increased?
Abortion
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What did women not have prior to the 1917 revolution?
No inheritance rights
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What type of marriage was only recognised?
Civil marriage, taking control away from church
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When was abortion legalised?
1920
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What free advice was provided?
Contraceptive
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What were banned in 1928?
Wedding rings- left women destitute
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What did Stalin say about the family?
'State cannot exist without the family
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What did Stalin introduce in terms of womens rights?
The Great retreat
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What was made more difficult?
Divorce
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Abortion was given what?
Restrictions and regulations
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Shortly after, what were taken over by the state?

Back

Church schools and seminaries

Card 3

Front

When was the official seperation of the Church and the state?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When was the teaching of religion banned in schools?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What were monastries turned into after they became state property?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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