Social Class

?
Internal factors
.....
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Labelling
Interactionalists think W/C pupils underperform in education because of the way teachers label them
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Who found (bases off interviews with 60 Chicago teachers) teachers preferred to teach M/C students as they saw them saw ideal and W/C as badly behaved?
Becker (1971)
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Who found teachers were unconcerned with W/C underachievement as they thought it couldn't be changed ?
Dunne and Gazely (2010)
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Who found teachers labelled M/C students and 'tigers' and W/C as clowns and thus, gave the W/C students less opportunities and reading materials?
Rist (1970)
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However, would all teachers hold the same view?
Interactionalists fail to explain that not all teachers will label students in the same way so won't have the same perception of the 'ideal' pupil, students have multiple teachers so would be impossible for the to all have the same view
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Self Fulfilling Prophecy
A teachers label that is internalised by the pupil and becomes true
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Describe Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) study ?
Told teachers 20% of the students were 'spurters' and a year later they found 47% have made 'significant progress'
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What does Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) show?
The students had internalised the beliefs of the teachers
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Provide evaluation for SFP
ignores education system as a whole cause inequalities not just teachers
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Why and who argues SPF is too deterministic?
Fuller rejects the claim and claims some students do overcome labels
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Pupil subcultures
A group of students who share similar values and behavours
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Who found subcultures are created in response to labelling and streaming?
Colin Lacey (1970
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Describe a pro-school subculture
Formed by higher streamed pupils as they accept the schools values and are postively labelled
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Describe anti-school subculture
Formed by lower streamed pupils (many W/C) as they reject the school values and attempt to creat their own eg. flount rules and dislike school
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Who argues that M/C achive main stream values set by the school so get 'status' through praise and attention ?
Hargreaves(1967)
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What does Hargreaves argue about W/C students?
They cannot achieve mainstream values so create their own by being loud, disruptive, class clowns to gain status from their peers as they couldn't from the school
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Provide 2 evluations for Pupil subcultures
Ignore pro-school subcultures may still fail and that external factors may be more important
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Streaming
Separating children into ability sets- once streamed its hard to move up
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Who is in higher streams and thus achieve a higher grade?
M/C
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W/C get placed in lower streams, thus why di they underachive?
Get placed in lower-tiered exams and classes are more likely to be disruptive
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What did Douglas find?
IQ of bottom set students fell overtime and top sets increased so, gap between the classes was widening
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Who found grouping by ability leads to class inequalities?
Ball (1981)
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What else did Ball discover?
Placed in banned form info from primary school, Non academic factors influenced where they were placed, W/C tended to be bottom band and felt de-motivated so become disruptive
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Evaluation, why can streaming be beneficial?
Children naturally have different levels of ability so sets ensure children aren't left behind or challenged
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What things do interactionalists not take into account?
class size, timetable, resources and teacher morels
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External factors - cultural deprivation
The lack of unnecessary suitable values , attitudes and skills needed for educational success
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Language
....
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What did Hubs Tait et al (2002) find about the effect of the classes using different languages?
M/C children were challenged to evaluate, W/C use language that only allows their children to say descriptive statements
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Who found US families with low-income children suffered from verbal deprivation?
Bereitar and Engelmann (1966)
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What was the effect of verbal deprivation?
Poor communication skills so may use disjoined phrases and gestures so are more likely to underachieve in education
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Who is responsible for the language code?
Bernstein
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What's the restricted code (W/C)?
Limited vocabulary, grammatically simple, use of gestures, context-bound
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What's the elaborate code (M/C)?
Large Vocabulary, Grammatically complex, fully elaborate, universal
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Why do M/C have an advantage?
They are socialized into and it's used by teachers, textbooks, and exam boards
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Why is Bernstein, unlike others?
He blames the school for not teaching w/c children the code so they are on the same level as m/c
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Parents Education
....
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Why is parents attitude towards education a key factor in achievement?
They may not have a key role model of educational success and, are never pushed to achieve if W/C
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What things that a parent does take an interest in created a less ambitious child?
attending parents evening, talking to a child teacher, H/W help
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Who argues parents' own education is the most important factor in a child's educational achievement?
Leon Feinstein
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How does the M/C parent system encourage achievement?
They have high expectations of their child and discipline is constant
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How does the W/C parent system encourage achievement?
W/C have the harsh inconsistent discipline
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Why does the W/C do as your told discipline cause poor motivation and behavior?
Stops independence and self-control
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Name some M/C parents' educational behaviors and actions that encourage educational interest and progress?
Nursey Rhymes, museums, library
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What can M/C use of income and buy that encourages educational achievement and intellectual skills?
educational toys and books
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Why are W/C less likely to do this?
worse paid, lack of cultural capital
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Working-class subcultures
Subculture-a group whose attitudes and values differ form those of mainstream
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Why do W/C fail at school?
they have different goals and attitudes
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Who found 4 key features of a W/C subculture?
Barry Sugarman (1970)
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What are the 4 key features?
Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, present time orientation
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What is Falalism?
What will be will be status cannot be changed
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However, How are M/C different?
they believed status can be changed through effort and determination
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What is collectivism?
group mentality , more than an individual
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However, how is M/C different?
They are not held back by group loyalties
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What immediate gratification?
seeking pleasure, not sacreficing
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Whereas, what do M/C do?
make sacrifices for greater rewards
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What is present time orientation?
Lack of goals focused on the present
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Whereas, what is the m/c view?
goals are important
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How do these beliefs become internalized in their identity?
Accept the W/C subculture
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What do parents passing on these values during primary socialization do?
Prepares W/C for failures
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However, why might it not be parents' education that means they cant attend parents' evening and helo with H/W?
They may have to work long hour shifts whereas M/C may have more flexible jobs
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Who describes cultural deprivation as a myth and why?
Keddie (1973), they are different not deprived
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What do Troyna and Williams (1986) argue about language?
The problem isn't with the child's language but the attitude towards it
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What do they believe should be done?
Teachers attitude towards the language should be changed not the students language and they should help them learn the elaborate code
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Material deprivation: external factors
.....
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What is material deprivation?
The lack of physical or material necessities needed for daily living
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Who argues there is a close link between poverty and social class?
Douglas (1964)
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Poor Housing
....
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What are the implications of overcrowded housing or sharing a bedroom?
No quiet place to study, suffer from disturbed sleep so dont concentrate
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What is the effect of not having a safe place to play or having unstable accommodation?
Effect children's development, changes in schools causing disruptive education
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Why might damp, cold, and temporary housing cause school absences?
1. Can cause ill health
2. more accidents
3. cause psychological distress
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Diet and health
...
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Why might children underachieve who have a poor diet?
May struggle to concentrate
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What may cause delayed physical and intellectual development or a lower birth rate?
Porr diet in pregnaent women
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Who argues that people from poorer homes have a lower intake of vitamins and minerals?
Howards (2001)
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Who argues children from poorer homes are more likely to have emotional and/or behavioral problems?
Wilkinson (1996)
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What types of common mental health issues in lower social class children may also affect school?
Hyperactivity, anxiety and behavioral problems
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Fear of debt
...
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What may put W/C off university?
Debt
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How many uni students are from a W/C background?
30%
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How many higher-class students got financial help from home?
81%
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How many lower-class students got financial help from home?
41%
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Who found W/C students are more likely to apply to a local university to save money (but also reduced oppourtunity)
Reay (2005)
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Financial support/lack of thereof
......
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What may lack experiences and equipment hinder?
Enhancing educational achievement
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Who says the hidden costs of education may be a financial burden on low-income families?
Tanner (2003). eg transport, books, uniform
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What may poorer families rely on that may cause bullying?
relying on hand me downs or cheaper equitment
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What does flattery notes about stigmatization and what stat do they provide?
Fear of stigmatisation may explain why 20% of those eligible for FSM dont take them
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Who argues poverty acts as a barrier to private education or tuition?
Noble (1995)
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However, why might material factors not be an importnat factor?
While material factors affect achievement, W/C children do still achieve
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Provide another 2 reasons
Internal or cultural factors may be more important
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Bourdieu and cultural capital: External factors
....
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what Does Bourdieu claim about material and cultural factors impacting achievement?
They aren't separate but combined and refers to them as capital
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What are the 3 types of capital that M/C have that make them successful in school (cultural capital)?
Cultural, economic, and education
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Cultural capital
......
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Why do the tastes, attitudes, and values of the M/C give them an advantage in school over W/C who don't have the same capital?
Because education has the same tastes, attitudes, and values
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Why are individuals with economic capital more likely to succeed in school?
More likely to attend better schools because of catchment areas and have access to private tutours
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How does this correlate with educational capital?
More money=top grades=position at top university
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Cultural capital + economic capital =
educational success
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Evidence of cultural capital
.....
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Who supports Bourdieu as they found the higher cultural capital and the higher educational capital?
Alice Sullivan (2001)
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What did she ask her sample about in
questionnaires of how students accessed capital?
Asked them about what TV they watch, reading habits and if they visited museums
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What did she fund cultural capital generally correlate with?
educational success
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Why did M/C have the highest level of capital and GCSE success?
They were children of university graduates
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The reproduction of class inequality
.....
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Name the W/C equation
Low cultural capital + low economic capital + low educational capital = fail
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Provide reasons
tastes attitudes and values different from school poverty
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What's the M/C equation?
High cultural capital+ high economic capital + high educational capital = success
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Pupils' class identities and the school: Habitus
.......
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What does habitus mean?
The learned ways of thinking, being, acting that are shared by a particular class (outlook on life)
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What do some sociologists believed class identities do?
Interact with the school and produce educational success or failure
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Why might W/C students believe higher education isn't for them because it doesn't fit with their habitus or identity?
'Its not for people like us', risky investment, may not suit preferred lifestyle as on uni loans they may not be able to afford Nike identity
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Who uses the concept of habitus to understand W/C identities and achievement?
Archer (2010)
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What's symbolic capital?
Status, recognition, and sense of worth we obtain from others
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What do M/C have the power to do that makes W/C culture be regarded as inferoir?
impose their habitus on the education system
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What is symbolic violence?
Schools devaluing the W/C habitus
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In what ways do they devalue the W/C habitus and how to they oppose it?
opposing their street systems by saying it is bad taste and threatening
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What does Archer believe symbolic violence lead W/C to create?
Alternative ways of status and worth ed. Nike identity
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Whats the Nike Identity?
designer clothes and wearing them gives status form peers
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How do the hyper heterosexual identity and Nike identity create conflict with the school?
Negative labels and schools bad things like hoodies because the go against the M/C habitus
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Labelling

Back

Interactionalists think W/C pupils underperform in education because of the way teachers label them

Card 3

Front

Who found (bases off interviews with 60 Chicago teachers) teachers preferred to teach M/C students as they saw them saw ideal and W/C as badly behaved?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Who found teachers were unconcerned with W/C underachievement as they thought it couldn't be changed ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who found teachers labelled M/C students and 'tigers' and W/C as clowns and thus, gave the W/C students less opportunities and reading materials?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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