Social 5 Prejudice and Discrim

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  • Created by: freya_bc
  • Created on: 20-03-18 15:25
Asch’s (1946)
configural model – Gestalt based Warm and cold carried more weight Than polite and blunt Warm central trait dimension Polite- peripheral
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Asch, 1946; Kelley, 1950
Central and peripheral traits
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Asch, 1946; Luchins, 1957).
Accounting for the primacy - recency effect, Early information affects ‘meaning’ of later information
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(Anderson, 1975)
Attention greatest when making initial impressions
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Haire and Grune (1950)
Describe a ‘working man’ from stereotype consistent information Difficult to integrate one piece of inconsistent information – intelligence Information ignored, distorted, participants took a long time or promoted him to supervisor
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Hamilton and Gifford, 1976)
Illusory correlation – as perception A relationship when none exists or exaggeration of relationship Associative meaning – based on schemas Minority groups and negative attributes Paired distinctiveness Minority groups (less of them) and negative eve
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Oakes, Haslam & Turner, 1994
Perhaps not illusory – perhaps rational and functionally adaptive to favour ingroup
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Katz and Braly (1933
– assign traits to members of ethnic and national groups Adjective checklist 84 traits, e.g., lazy, - select words typical of target groups High consensus in stereotype attribution Even if groups generally unfamiliar...
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....
Favourable evaluation of own group (consistent with Ethnocentrism and Social Identity Theory) neg for outgroup Took top 5 and averages across respondents- people consistent across people in what they selected Generally stereotype for other racial
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Gilbert (1951) Karlins, Coffman & Walters (1969)
Same procedure and same set of adjectives Participants were reluctant to participate Stereotypes communicated much less negative -> Stereotypes have faded over the years
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Dovidio et al. (1996
superstitious lazy ignorant adj most commonly selected decreased in frequency over the years
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Madon et al. (2001)
replicated Princeton Trilogy Stereotypes have changed in content over time Increase in consensus Become more favourable
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Fiske et al (2002):
stereotype content model identifies universal principles regarding aspects of content Primary dimensions of warmth and competence underlie emotional and behavioural responses e.g.alan sugar low warmth high competence
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Nosek et al., 2007
Project Implicit 68% participants implicit preference for white race Generally stronger effect sizes than self report measures
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Uhlmann, Poehlman and Nosek,
) may be driving responses rather than personal attitudes
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Devine, 1989
stereotype process deliberate or automatic study 1 knowl of black cultural stereotype- no dif between high and low prej pp
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study 2
Had double split into low and high prej as well as priming Using stereotyping scale to decipher this Low and high prej groups – driven by negative stereotype despite priming donald paragraph
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study 3
thoughts about black people under anonymous conditions High prejudice – reported primarily negative traits Low prejudice – reported beliefs that contradicted cultural stereotypes and emphasized equality Low prejudice – motivated to inhibit auto stere
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Gaertner and Dovidio’s (1986)
new racism e.g., aversive racism conflict between prejudiced attitudes and modern egalitarian values Racism expressed when egalitarian values are weak and people are in homogenous groups where prejudiced values are accepted
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Gaertner and Dovidio (1977)
Participants heard ‘emergency’ in next room - victim either black or white Participant either alone or with two helpers Bystander effect greatly magnified if victim was black
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Bargh, 1999)
Category activation avoidable Dependent on processing goals and general attitude towards the category Bigots and humanitarians categorical representations differ in automatic associations
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Chacko (1982)
women who believed they were hired as a form of tokenism, incred satisfaction if hired on ability as well as organisational commitment
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Zajonc (1968)
Mere exposure effect
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Perlman & Oskamp, 1971)
Familiary increases liking – preference for own race
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Social Learning- Bandura (1977, 1997)
Young children use obvious perceptual features to categorise – can easily pick up adult prejudices Observational learning, Instrumental conditioning, classical conditioning etc
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(Dollard et al., 1939
Frustration aggression hypothesis
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Miller, 1948
Generalisation – anger towards target spills over onto similar others
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Berkowitz, 1962
Frustration without aggression and aggression without frustration
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Adorno et al., 1950
Authoritarian- Respect for authority, obsession with rank and status Developed in childhood through excessive harsh and disciplinarian practices Tendency to displace anger and resentment onto weaker groups
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Pettigrew, 1958
Few differences between racist and non racist groups
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Rokeach, 1948)
Dogmatism and closed-mindedness. Prejudice not restricted to people who are authoritarian More generalised syndrome with a focus on cognitive style Characterised by being closed-minded
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Sidanius and Pratto, 1999)
Personality: Social dominance theory- Most societies have one group with disproportionate power and privileges Stable inequality maintained through oppressive actions and discrimination Discrimination hidden through legitimising myths e.g. national s
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Rokeach (1960)
Belief congruence theory Similar beliefs – liking and social harmony Dissimilar beliefs – dislike and prejudice Beliefs as more important than race
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(Fiske, 1998
women nice but incompetent, men competent but not so nice
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Martin, 1987)
People don’t describe themselves as such , represent sexes as subtypes e.g. housewife, career women, feminist, businessman, macho man
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Lorenzi-Cioldi et al., 1995
Men and women generally see women as more homogenous than men
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Eagly & Steffen, 1984
Certain roles are ‘sex typed’ - homemaker employee no information- female and male irrespective of target seen as more feminine
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Archer et al., 1983)
face-ism in the media Greater prominence to the head and less prominence to the body for men and vice-versa for women
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Deaux and Emswiller (1974)
Watched others perform well on task if task masculine e.g. mech parts, women e.g. needle work If male actor more likely to attribute to ability on masc task than female actor on masc task luck Male considered just as skilful on female task as femal
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Glick & Fiske, 1996)
Ambivalent sexism inventory Sexists hold benevolent and hostile attitudes towards different ‘subtypes’
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Eagly & Mladinic, 1994
positive female stereotype is emerging - Only in western democratic countries
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Card 2

Front

Asch, 1946; Kelley, 1950

Back

Central and peripheral traits

Card 3

Front

Asch, 1946; Luchins, 1957).

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

(Anderson, 1975)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Haire and Grune (1950)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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