Social 4 Motivations and Goals

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  • Created by: freya_bc
  • Created on: 14-03-18 14:06
Rogers, 1960).
Humans also have psychological needs for ‘self-actualization’ or ‘autonomy
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Maslow’s (1954)
hierarchy of needs
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Dunning (2001)
desire for knowledge, desire for coherence, affirmation of competence= motives for social judgement
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Loewenstein et al., 1992)
Power of curiosity Participants shown photographs of individuals body parts (Loewenstein et al., 1992) self reported curiousity given choice of $0.50 bonus payment or seeing whole photograph Curiousity increased with the number of body parts viewed .
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Positive relationship between feelings of knowing and curiosity
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Pittman & Pittman, 1980
High, low or no helplessness training – identify concepts on cards Low helplessness group made more accurate attributions about essay writing causes than control group Inferred weaker attitudes when people wrote essays for pay than those who wrote ..
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Freedman & Sears, 1965)
Self affirmation fails to show up in certain contexts you might think it would People given chance to examine information that affirmed or didn’t recent decision (e.g. car purchase) looked more to threatening info
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festinger (1957)
cog dissonance
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Bem, 1972)
Does cognitive dissonance really exist? May be dispassionate cognitive process though neg affect is reported
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Deci, 1971
college students solve problem over 3 sessions 1st unpaid 2nd half paid - in middle of 2nd session exp left room 52% paid group continued to work on prob on 48% of unpaid
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in middle of 3rd session left again previous paid group work 19% of time previously unpaid 81% when reward removed spent less time intrinsic motivation undermined if induced to engage as a means to extrinsic goal
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Deci and Ryan, 1985)
self determination theory - Autonomy – self-determination Competence– successful attainment of goals Relatedness – dev and maintenance of close personal relationships
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Deci & Ryan, 1985)
cog eval theory - examines the effects of rewards, feedback and other external events on intrinsic motivation.
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Lepper, Greene, and Nisbett (1973)
field 3-5yo nursery 51pps instrinsic interest in target activity random alloc Expected reward condition: group asked to draw pictures and rewards promised for the best drawing Non-rewarded condition: group drew pictures, without reward prom....
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Unexpected reward condition: group drew pictures and given a surprise reward...
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Average quality ratings for pictures also sig lower in the expected award group compared to unexpected and no- aware groups => Overjustification effect
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Ryan et al. (1983)
typology of reward contingencies 1. task non conti rewards IM nto effected, 2, engagemtn contin rewards- Rewards controlling , little / no competence affirmation  undermine IM....
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Completion-contingent rewards: Reward indicates competence but not strong relative to controlling aspect  undermine IM. Performance-contingent rewards: Perceived as controlling  strong undermining of IM. Can convey competence info IM effects mix.
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Deci et al., 1999
meta undermining effects- Expected rewards Task non-contingent rewards did not effect IM Engagement-contingent rewards undermine IM and self interest (d = -0.40) Completion contingent rewards undermine IM and self interest (d = -0.36)
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Performance contingent rewards undermine IM but not self reported interest (d = -0.28)
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Schwartz, 1992)
values- Trans-situational goals which serve as guiding principles in life of a person or group differ from attitudes as are more general and abstract 10 basic values relevant to all societies...
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Samples drawn from 20 countries within every inhabited continent Includes members of 8 religions and athiests Primarily teachers and undergraduate Analysed using Smallest Space Analysis (SSA)...
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openess to change= self direction and stim, self enahcement =hedonism achievement power, conservation= conformity tradition security, self-transcedence= univeralism benevolence
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Maio et al. (2009)
pp asked to rank 16 values, prioritised either self enhancement; self transcendent; conservation; or openness to change values
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Rokeach, 1975)
task from maio= value self confrontation procedure
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Spence et al., 2014)
No diff in effectiveness for energy behaviour But env messages found more effective in driving additional env behaviours
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Carver & Scheier, 1981)
self reg- Purposeful, self corrective, adjustments to pursue personal goals
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Higgins, 1987)
self discrepancy theory - compare actual self to ideal or ought
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Oettingen (2000)
Fantasy realisation theory 143 Female **– ostensibly study about daydreams Given information about an attractive student – Michael Imagine =met him at a party Fantasy-reality – mentally elaborate 2 positive and 2 negative aspects of the real situ...
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Positive fantasy – elaborate 4 positive aspects Negative reality – elaborate 4 most important negative aspects Control – arithmetic tasks
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Bargh (1990)
automotive theory – goals can become activated without awareness mental links form between situations and goals often pursued
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Carver & Scheier, 1999)
Existence of implicit motives natural incentives that do not require awareness does not require an intention to be formed – biologically based
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Heckhausen & Gollwitzer, 1987)
model fo aciton phases predecisional preactional actional postactional
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Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006)
Meta-analysis- indicates a medium to large effect size (d = 0.65)
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Brandstatter et al. (2001)
achieving goals- 41 heroin addicts at a German hospital 20 experiencing withdrawal, 21 no longer in withdrawal
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Maslow’s (1954)

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hierarchy of needs

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Dunning (2001)

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Card 4

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Loewenstein et al., 1992)

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Card 5

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...

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