SNAB Lifestyle, Health and Risk (Topic One) Flashcards

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  • Created by: tj800
  • Created on: 09-06-19 17:26
Water Functions
Solvent and transporting substances.
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Water Properties
Polar. Cohesive as they are polar so have strong attraction to each other - helps water flow making it a good transporter.
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Why is water a good solvent?
Ionic compounds will dissolve water as it is dipole. This means ions can dissolve in the water in blood and then be transported.
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Right Side of the Heart
Blood flows in from superior and inferior vena cava and flows out through pulmonary artery. Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs.
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Left Side of the Heart
Blood flows in through pulmonary veins and flows out through aorta. Pumps oxygenated to the body.
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Where are the AV valves?
Link the atria to the ventricles.
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Where are the semi - lunar valves?
Link ventricles to pulmonary artery and aorta.
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Arteries
Blood from heart to body. Thick walls with muscle and elastic tissue to cope with high pressure. Endothelium is folded to allow artery to expand.
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Veins
Blood from body to heart. Wider than arteries and have little elastic and muscle. Low pressure so have valves to prevent back flow. Blood flow helped by contraction of muscles around veins.
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Capillaries
Where metabolic exchange occurs. Walls are one cell thick.
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Ventricular diastole & Atrial systole
Ventricles relaxed. Atria contract - decrease volume=increase pressure. Pressure change forces blood into ventricles. Slight increase in ventricle pressure as they fill with blood.
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Ventricular systole & Atrial diastole
Atria relax and pressure decreases. Ventricles contract - decrease volume=increase pressure. Pressure higher in ventricles than atria so AV valves forced shut. Higher than aorta and PAs so SL valves forced open and blood pushed out.
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Cardiac diastole
Ventricles and atria relaxed. SL valves shut as higher pressure in aorta and PAs. Atria fill with blood as they have a lower pressure than PV and vena cava. Pressure higher in atria than ventricles so AV valves open.
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Atheroma formation
Damage to endothelium - inflammatory response where WBCs move to the area. WBCs and lipids form fatty streaks under the endothelium. Negative feedback means more WBCs until fibrous plaque called atheroma forms.
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What is atherosclerosis?
The hardening of arteries caused by atheromas. Lumen is partially blocked which restricts blood flow.
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Atheromas increase risk of thrombosis
Atheroma can rupture endothelium which damages artery wall. Triggers blood clotting. Blood clots block artery which restricts blood flow - less oxygen reaches tissue.
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How blood clots form
Thromboplastin is released from damaged blood vessel. Thromboplastin and calcium ions trigger conversion of prothrombin(soluble protein) into thrombin(enzyme). Prothrombin catalyses conversion of fibrinogen(soluble protein) to fibrin(insoluble fibres
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How blood clots form
Fibrin fibres tangle together and form a mesh in which platelets and red blood cells get trapped.
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How blood clots cause heart attacks
Coronary artery becomes blocked by blood clot so heart does not receive blood or oxygen. Causes myocardial infarction (heart attack) which can cause damage and death of heart muscle.
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Lifestyle Factors increasing CVD
Diet, High Blood Pressure (damages artery walls, can be increased by excessive alcohol consumption, stress and diet) and lack of exercise as this increases blood pressure.
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Other Factors
Genetics, age and gender
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Overestimating Risk
Involuntary, not natural, unfamiliar, dreaded, unfair, very small, sudden.
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Underestimating Risk
Voluntary, natural, familiar, undreaded, fair, very large.
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Good Studies
1) Large Sample Size 2) Lots of controlled variables 3) Limited bias involved in collecting the data 4) Controls 5) Repeats by other scientists
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What are antihypertensives?
Drugs that reduce blood pressure. Beta blockers reduce strength of heartbeat. Vasodilators widen blood vessels. Diuretics reduce blood volume.
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Benefits of antihypertensives
Different antihypertensives can be used in combination with others. Blood pressure can be measured from home to monitor effectiveness of drug.
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Risks of antihypertensives
Palpitations, abnormal heart rhythms, fainting, headaches and drowsiness. Allergic reactions and depression.
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What are statins?
Drugs that reduce blood cholesterol by reducing amount of LDL cholesterol produced inside the liver - reduces atheroma formation and therefore reduces CVD.
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Risks of statins
Muscle and joint pains, digestive system problems, increased risk of diabetes, nosebleeds, headaches and nausea.
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What are anticoagulants?
Drugs reduce blood clotting - less chance of blood vessels being blocked.
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Benefits of anticoagulants
Can treat people who already have blood clots, prevent them getting larger or new ones forming but cannot get rid of existing blood clots.
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Risks of anticoagulants
If injured, reduction of blood clots can cause excessive bleeding which can lead to fainting. Side effects are allergic reactions, osteoporosis and swelling of tissues.
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What are platelet inhibitory drugs?
Types of anticoagulants that prevent platelets clumping together to form a blood clot.
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Risks of platelet inhibitory drugs
Rashes, diarrhoea, nausea, liver function problems and excessive bleeding.
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Energy budget
The amount of energy taken in by an organism and the amount of energy used up by an organism = energy input - energy output.
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Recommended daily intake.
2000 for women and 2500 for men.
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Alpha and Beta Glucose
Alpha has CH2OH at the top and beta has CH2OH at the bottom.
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Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
monosaccharides join together by condensation reactions that form glycosidic bonds.
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Starch
Excess glucose is stored as starch in plants. Mixture of amylopectin and amylose. Insoluble in water , so it doesn't make water enter cells by osmosis.
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Amylose
Polysaccharide of alpha glucose. Unbranched chain of glucose joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds. Coiled structure due to angles of glycosidic bonds making it compact so good for storage.
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Amylopectin
Polysaccharide of alpha glucose. Branched chain, contains 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds. Side branches allow enzymes to break glycosidic bonds easily.
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Glycogen
Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in animals. Has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds like amylopectin but has a lot more side branches so glucose can be released quickly. Compact -good for storage. Insoluble. Large molecule so can store a lot of energy.
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Triglycerides
Made of one glycerol and three fatty acids. Fatty acids have tails made of hydrocarbons which are hydrophobic making lipids insoluble in water
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Formation of triglycerides
Formed by condensation reactions, 3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule joined buy ester bonds. H on glycerol bonds to OH on fatty acids and releases a molecule of water.
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Saturated and Unsaturated
Unsaturated lipids melt at lower temperatures. Double bonds cause a kink in the tail.
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HDLs
Mainly protein. Transport cholesterol from body tissues to the liver to be recycled/excreted. Function is to reduce total blood cholesterol when level is too high.
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LDLs
Mainly lipid. Transport cholesterol from the liver to the blood, where it circulates until needed by cells. Increases total blood cholesterol when level is too low.
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BMI
body mass (Kg) / height squared (m squared)
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waist to hip ratio
waist / hip
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Polar. Cohesive as they are polar so have strong attraction to each other - helps water flow making it a good transporter.

Back

Water Properties

Card 3

Front

Ionic compounds will dissolve water as it is dipole. This means ions can dissolve in the water in blood and then be transported.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Blood flows in from superior and inferior vena cava and flows out through pulmonary artery. Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Blood flows in through pulmonary veins and flows out through aorta. Pumps oxygenated to the body.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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