Sleep and Biological Rhythms

AO1 for lifespan changes in sleep: new-borns + 5-10 year olds

new-borns: 16-18hrs day consolidate learning, brain development, quiet + active, enter active sleep almost immediately but after 3 months quiet sleep is established. 5-10:boys sleep more than girls, sleep stage cycle increases to 70 mins, parasomnias

1 of 25

AO1 for lifespan changes in sleep: pre-teens + teens

Pre-teens: Dement - sleep-wake utopia, teens: sexual and pituitary hormones released in pulses, circadian rhythms change - phase delay, 9-10 hours a night

2 of 25

AO2 for lifespan changes in sleep

RLA - Wolfson Finland schools open later, culture bias: polyphasic sleep and Tynjala, lab experiments vs Empson, could be environmental differences in ages not biological differences

3 of 25

AO1 for Restoration Theory of Sleep

Oswald: REM brain growth repair reorganization SWS body growth repair, Horne core + optional, 1. catch up 2. deficits 3. more REM when brain growing 4. increase in sleep when body growing/repairing, Jouvet

4 of 25

AO2 for Restoration Theory of Sleep

contrast with hibernation theory Webb + combination, non-human animals e.g. Jouvet, Peter Tripp, case study - individual differences e.g. Randy Gardener

5 of 25

AO1 for Evolutionary Theory of Sleep: Hibernation

Webb - hibernation: behavioural activity stops, heart rate slows, temperature drops during sleep - conserving energy in unproductive hours. Smaller animals lose heat faster sleep more, carnivores sleep more, animals low cows sleep less- need to graze

6 of 25

AO1 for Evolutionary Theory of Sleep: Protection from Predators

Meddis - evolutionary past time night time was dangerous. sleeping keeps you quiet, most at risk prey animals sleep the most e.g. shrews

7 of 25

AO2 for Evolutionary Theory of Sleep

reductionist - stages/dreams, contrast with restoration: biological evidence EEG vs assumptions - combination, animals non-human + in captivity sloths 16 vs 10, low face validity

8 of 25

AO1 for explanations for insomnia

primary: psychophysiological, idiopathic: early age, run in families, abnormality in brain mechanisms that control sleep-wake cycle, secondary: medical + psychotic disorders + environmental factors

9 of 25

AO2 for explanations for insomnia

Smith et al: insomniacs decreased blood flow to frontal + medial cortices, nature + nurture - diathesis-stress model Gregory et al, Vgontzas sleep lab criteria diagnosis unsatisfactory vs Empson

10 of 25

AO1 for explanations for somnambulism

Genetics: Hublin Finnish MZ twins 66% concordence + 10x more likely if a family member suffers, 28 genes on chromosone 20 identified, underdeveloped system that inhibits motor activity in SWS, Zadra sleep deprivation 50% vs 90%

11 of 25

AO2 for explanations for somnambulism

RLA if we can identify genes then gene therapy + Jules Lowe defense, determinism no control over actions could cause anxiety, Basetti HLA 50% sleep walkers but only 16 ps + also present in non sleep walkers, not 100% concordence diathesis-stress mode

12 of 25

AO1 for explanations for narcolepsy: neurological condition + immune system mutation

neurological condition, fault in neural mechanisms controlling SWC - Vogel, mutation in immune system increased frequency specific type of HLA(organises immune system responses)found in narcoleptics

13 of 25

AO1 for explanations for narcolepsy: low levels of hypocretin

low levels of neurotransmitter hypocretin, which plays a part in wakefulness, linked to narcolepsy. narcoleptic dogs had a mutation in the gene which disrupted processing of hypocretin Seigel 4 narcoleptics 93% fewer hypocretin neurons

14 of 25

AO2 for explanations for narcolepsy

RLA - small hypocretin injections reduced cataplexy in dogs, bigger caused it more research needed, non-human animals, Lerman + Weiss psychodynamic approach but science says not voluntary, not always sexually aroused

15 of 25

AO1 for circadian rhythms

24hrs opening + closing flowers, body temp cycle + SWC we wake up when it's light go to sleep when dark EZ + EP. Siffre, Folkard - cave for a few weeks - did not follow clock stuck to 24hrs

16 of 25

AO2 for circadian rhythms

Siffre case study + beta bias, Czeisler individual differences 13-65 hours and cycle onset + artificial light can change SWC to 22 or 28, RLA chronotherapeutics circadian affects: heart r8, digestion, hormone secretions etc

17 of 25

AO1 for infradian rhythms

>24hrs SAD serotonin + melatonin released when dark, Terman et al, Mcclintock

18 of 25

AO2 for infradian rhythms

RLA - phototherapy popular + practical, culture bias SAD research mostly American - inuits, RUSSEL similar methodology evolutionary share tasks lionesses,animal evidence 4pherimonal effectsmainly rats, cycle alinment adaptive but can't extrapolate

19 of 25

AO2 for ultradian rhythms

lab research vs Empson, REM = dream erroneous assumption

20 of 25

AO1 for the role of EP

EP located in tiny cluster of nerve cells: SCN pair of structures in left n right hemisphere. Info on light received from optic nerve when pineal gland senses light melatonin inhibited melatonin makes sleep stoppin brain mechanisms promote wakefulnes

21 of 25

AO1 for the role of EZ

as seasons change our EPs need resetting(entrainment) adjust to changed hrs of daylight it is reset everyday. vs free running - case study man blind from birth

22 of 25

AO2 for the role of EP and EZ

Kate Aldcroft, Folkard, case study, artificial light Czeisler, Decoursey, non-human animals

23 of 25

AO1 for disruption of biological rhythms

Jet lag - one day to adjust to each time zone crossed, phase delay east to west easier, wake up body awake, phase advance circadian trough, baseball teams, shift work, opposite of EPEZ REM severely affected drowsiness fatigue Knutsson + divorce rates

24 of 25

AO2 for disruption of biological rhythms

Martino organ disease e.g. kidney, disruption or travel stress etc?, RLA Czeisler power plant utah, Lab experiments lack ecological validity e.g. Bovin et al

25 of 25

Get Revising

Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Similar Psychology resources:

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Related discussions on The Student Room

Similar Psychology resources: