Sleep & Biological Rhythms

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How much of our lives do we spend sleeping?
1/3
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How can we record levels of sleep?
EEG
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Alpha waves are characterised by what?
8-12Hz; wakefulness, resting (no strenuous mental activity or heightened arousal); regulare
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Beta waves are characterised by what?
13-30Hz; wakefulness, brain engaged in active processing; irregular waves
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Theta waves are characterised by what?
3.5-7.5Hz; Stage 1 sleep (transition between sleep and wakefulness) firing of neurons becomes more synchronised. eyes roll and muscle activity slows.
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Stage 2 sleep is characterised by what?
Theta waves (as in stage 1) eye movement stops, brain activity slows down, K COMPLEXES and sleep spindles observed in EEG. Asleep but easy to wake.
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Stage 3 & 4 sleep is characterised by what?
Delta waves (less than 4Hz) very difficult to wake, loss of muscle tone, groggy if woken
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What is REM characterised by?
Desynchronised waves (resembles stage 2) breathing becomes shallow and irregular, eyes jerk rapidly, limb muscles paralysed, heart rate and BP rises, erections and vaginal excretions and dreaming.
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What is paradoxical sleep?
when limb muscles become paralysed during REM
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How often is a sleep cycle, and how many occur in the first half of the night?
90 minutes, 3-4 in first half of the night
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A typical night's sleep consists of....?
50% Stage 2, 20% REM, 30% other
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What proportion of the population suffers from some form of sleeping disorder?
33%
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What is the population occurrence of insomnia?
25% occasionally, 9% regularly
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What is fatal familial insomnia?
progressive insomnia, coma and death.
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What element of food delays sleep?
tyramine: found in bacon, cheese, ham, aubergines, pepperoni, raspberries, avocado, nuts, soy sauce and red wine.
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What is the co-occurence of Narcolepsy with Cataplexy?
70%
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What causes Narcolepsy in humans?
It is a sudden intrusion of REM sleep into wakefulness and is an autoimmune disease attacking the orexin neurons
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What causes Narcolepsy in animals?
absence of neurotransmitter orexin
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What is the occurrence of Narcolepsy in humans?
1 in 1000 (rare)
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How can Narcolepsy be treat?
Amphetamines/ SSRI's
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What are the behaviours associated with REM Sleep disorder?
behaviour corresponds with acting out dreams
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Outline the argument for importance of sleep for brain development
premature babies spend 80% REM sleep by comparison to 50% non poem and 30% 6 month olds
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What is Nocturnal Enuresis?
Bedwetting
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What is Somnambulism?
Sleep Walking
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What is Pavor Nocturnus
Night Terrors
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Animals with less predators...
sleep for longer
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Dolphins sleep...
with one side of the hemisphere at a time
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Ducks sleep
with one eye open to look out for predatory danger, resting the ipsilateral hemisphere
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what is the rebound effect?
greater proportion of REM sleep following deprivation
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Outline repair and restoration theory
the function of sleep is to help the body repair and support the body's functions. Growth hormone secretion during S4 'beauty sleep', lowered cerebral metabolic rate (75% of waking) people in s4 not easily woken, absence of slow wave sleep = FFI
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What are the five neurotransmitters implicated in sleep and biological rhythms?
Acetylcholine, Norephrenine, Serotonin, Histamine, Orexin
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Outline the features of AcH in sleep mechanisms.
high levels during REM and wakefulness, low during slow wave sleep.
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Where are the 'sleep' AcH neurons located?
Basal forebrain
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Outline the features of NE in sleep mechanisms.
implicated in the arousal and sleeplessness, decline in firing during sleep and abrupt rise during wakefulness
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Where are the 'sleep' NE neurons located?
Locus Coeruleus
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Outline the features of 5-HT in sleep mechanisms.
activating (like NE) most active during waking and locomotion
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Where are the 'sleep' 5-HT neurons located?
Raphae Nuclei
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Outline the features of Histamine in sleep mechanisms.
wakefulness and arousal, activation high during waking and low during REM and slow wave sleep.
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Where are the 'sleep' histamine neurons located?
Tuberomammilary nucleus
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Where is the Ventrolateral pre optic nucleus located?
Anterior hypothalamus
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The VPN is active when?
during sleep, activated by 5-HT and Adenosine.
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When is the VPN inhibited?
during wakefulness, inhibited by NE and AcH
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Destruction of the VLN results in what?
insomnia
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When are the orexin neurons activated?
Located in the Lateral Hypothalamus, the orexin neurons are activated when there is motivation to stay awake. They also stabilise the FF switch, keeping the VPN regulated
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What predominantly explains the features of REM sleep?
REM 'neurons' located in the peribrachial area of the pons which projects to many brain areas.
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What part of the brain regulates circadian rhythms?
superchiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
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What other brain are does the SCN project to and what does this result in?
Pineal gland; releases melatonin. secretions begin 2-3 hours before sleep and regulates sleepiness.
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How is the SCN attuned to circadian rhythms?
Melanopsin containing ganglion cells are sensitive to light (zeitgebers) and terminate in the SCN
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what are zeitgebers?
light and temperature cues implicated in sleep and wakefulness.
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what are circannual rhythms?
1YR cycles
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what are infra radian rhythms?
1D+ cycles, e.g. menstrual cycle.
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Card 5

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