Sleep

?
  • Created by: The Shrew
  • Created on: 20-05-16 13:34
How much of our lives do we spend asleep?
175000- 1/3rd
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3 ways of testing
Electroencephalogram (EEG)- Brain waves / Electroculogram (EOG)- eye movement/ Electromyogram (EMG)- Muscle tension
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EEG- 4 categories of brain waves
Alpha, Beta, Theta, Delta
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Awake and non-attentive (more common with eyes closed)
Large, regular Alpha waves
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Awake and attentive
Low amplitude, fast, irregular and desynchronised beta waves
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Waves in Stage 1
Theta waves- get bigger and slower
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Lasts
10 mins
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2 things that can happen
Hypnogogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis
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Stage 2- sleep spindles
Short bursts occur between 2-5 times every minute/ stages 1-4
9 of 117
Role in memory
More spindles= higher intelligence
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K complexes
Only stage 2- triggered by noises/ involved in consolidation of memory
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Who doesn't have them?
Schizophrenics
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Stage 3 + 4
Slow, irregular delta
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Percentage of delta in 3 and 4
20-25%/ 50%
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REM occurs after
70 minutes of sleep
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Insensitive to noises but
Respond to own name
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Lasts
5-15 mins
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Difference between early in night and later on
More deep sleep earlier on, more REM later
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REM sleep needed correlates with
Immaturity at birth (animals more mature at birth need less REM)
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Babies in first few weeks
50% REM
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Birds/ Reptile
Few seconds/ Reptiles
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REM also involved with (poor lizards)
Hemeothermacy
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Changes though adulthood
REM proportion doesn't change/ NREM decreases
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People that sleep over 10 hours
Increase in mortality
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Recuperation theory
Restoring physiological stability lost while being awake
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Adaption theory
Programmed to sleep at night- protected from accident and predation during the night
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Prey compared to predators?
Sleep more
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Dolphins
Sleep with one half of the brain at a time
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Zebras and Lions
3 hours/ 2-3 days
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High brain to body mass
More sleep
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Most insomnia due to
Stress
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Kleitman
Sleep deprived students
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Dement
Randy Gardener- 11 days awake- slept 14 hours then back to normal
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Functions not affected by slight deprivation
Critical thinking and logical deduction
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Effect on physical performance
Inconsistent
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Deprivation of REM
REM rebound
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No. of times you have to be awakened- 1st night and 7th night
17/ 67
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Effect on behaviour
Very little!
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REM role in memory consolidation?
Antidepressants- less REM- no effect on memory
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Default theory
Difficult to stay consistently in NREM
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NyCamp
Substituted REM for wakeful- not tired/ no rebound
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Four brain regions involved in sleep regulation- Anterior and Posterior Hypothalamus
Damage to posterior hypothalamus= excessive sleeping/ damage to anterior hypothalamus= difficulty sleeping
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Baron Constantine Van Economo
Encophalitis letargica- ps slept 20 hours a day! Lasted several weeks then recovery- disappeared next decade
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Reticular formation
Wakefulness
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Bremner
Cats- sever brain stem between superior and inferior colliculi= don't wake up/ Cut transsection caudal to colliculi= normal again
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Nuclei in caudal reticular formation
Same brain area for wakefulness and REM- different nuclei control different aspects of REM
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Chemicals accumulated throughout the day in
CSF
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Adenosine
Astrocytes maintain small stock of nutrients in from of glycogen- increased brain activity= glycogen converted into glucose to fuel neurones
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Decrease in glycogen
Increased extracellular adenosine- promotes sleep
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More you do/ longer you're awake
More accumulation of glycogen= more adenosine
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During SWS
Astrocytes renew stock of adenosine
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Acetylecholine
Most important NT in arousal
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Acetylecholine Antagonists/ Agonists
Decrease EEG/ Increase EEG
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Two groups of neurones
Forebrain, pons
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Levels highest
Stratium, hippocampus and cortex (in active animals)
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Electrical stimulation of pons increasees release by
350% and activates cortex
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Noradrenaline
Stress hormone
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Located in
Locus Coeruleus of the pons
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Noradrenalin agonist (amphetamines)
Arousal and sleeplessness
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Serotonin produced by
Raphe nuclei in the pons
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Stimulation causes
Movement (especially automatic) and arousal/ suppresses sensory info
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Histamine located in
Tubermammilary nucleus of the hypothalamus
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Cortical arousal
Direct or Indirect- via acetylecholine neurones
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When is activity high and low?
During waking/ during sleep
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Orexin located in
Lateral hypothalamus
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How many neurones?
7000= very few!
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Project to
Almost all areas
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Active during
Wakefulness
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Narcolepsy
Problems with orexin signalling
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Sleep controlled by 3 factors - Homeostatic
Need to sleep to restore-> adenosine dealio
70 of 117
Allostatic
If there's something more important going on you won't fall asleep
71 of 117
Circadian factors
Time of day- sleep when it's dark
72 of 117
What area in the anterior hypothalamus controls arousal neurones
Preoptics Area
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Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (VLPA)
Neurones that inhibit arousal neurones
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Majority of neurones in VLPA secrete
GABA- send axons to brain regions involved in arousal
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Neurones in VLPA inhibited by
Histamine, noradrenalin, serotonin
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Mutated orexin gene
Same amount of sleep but more transition between sleep and awake
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Orexin neurones receive excitatory input from biological clock
Hunger= increased orexin/ Satiety= decreased orexin
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Adenosine
Overcomes excitatory input from other areas= sleep
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REM flip flop mechanism
Either awake or asleep
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Cerebral activation during wakefulness and sleep
Acetylecholine in pons firing at high rate
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Orexin during REM
Excitatory input
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Noradrenalin and serotonin during REM
Off
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Emotional stimuli
Activates amygdala while REM is still on
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No orexin
REM when you're awake, straight from wakefulness to REM= Narcolepsy= triggered by emotional stimuli
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Dreams in NREM?
Would say they weren't dreaming but can report some image or emotion- can report dreams if awoken before REM
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Dreams- _% sadness, apprehension or anger/ _% happiness or excitement/ _% sexual feelings or acts
65%/ 20%/ 1%
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Dream about
Things that happen during the day
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Novel learning
Effect dream reports- helps consolidation of memory
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Hippocampus
Used in maze puzzle- reactive during sleep (most in NREM)
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Waking firing sequences
Not replicated exactly in original form- intermittent bursts and faster time scale
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Finger movement tast
Better after sleep
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Told story
Dream about story= better memory
93 of 117
Interlearning
Sleep allows recently encoded info related into memory network/ into cortical semantic networks
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Depression
High amygdala activation during REM sleep
95 of 117
Antidepressants
Decrease amygdala activity and reduce REM
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Genes related to depression
Cholinergic receptor genes involved in REM regulation
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Hypocretin
Involved in REM sleep dysregulation, depression and stress
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Insomnia affects _% of population sometimes/ _% regularly
25%/ 9%
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More frequent in
Females/ Elderly/ Shift workers/ psychiatric patients
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Linked to
Low SES, poor education, chronic medical illness or pain, recent life stress, use of alcohol
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Narcolepsy most common in
Teens
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_% of population
0.03%
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4 symptoms in order of prevelance
Sleep attacks/ Cataplexy/ Hypnogogic hallucinations/ Sleep paralysis
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Obstructive sleep apnea
Extreme snoring/ airway blocked/ wake up every few mins/ sleepy during day/ may suffer from brain damage or even die
105 of 117
NREM parasomniacs
associated with use of sedative-hypnotic medication
106 of 117
Confusional arousal
Disorientation during arousal from NREM sleep
107 of 117
Sleep walking
Combination of impaired conciousness after an arousal and ambulation
108 of 117
_% children/ _% adults
17%/ 4%
109 of 117
Sleep terrors
Intense fear initiated by cry or scream- increase in autonomic nervous system activity
110 of 117
Sleep related eating disorder
Eat when you're asleep
111 of 117
REM sleep disorder
Loss of normal atonia- not successfully paralysed
112 of 117
More frequent in
Males >50
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Associated with
Neurogenerative disorders
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Genetic component?
Some
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Treated with
Clonazepam and bonzodiazepine
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Isolated sleep paralysis
Preservation of atonia after arousal from REM sleep
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

3 ways of testing

Back

Electroencephalogram (EEG)- Brain waves / Electroculogram (EOG)- eye movement/ Electromyogram (EMG)- Muscle tension

Card 3

Front

EEG- 4 categories of brain waves

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Awake and non-attentive (more common with eyes closed)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Awake and attentive

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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