Skeletal system- Joints

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What does artho mean?
joint, an area where two or more bones meet except for hyoid
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What is the hyoid bone?
only unarticulated bone in the body which supports the tongue and is the attachment point for several muscles
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What are the two categories for a joint?
structural (what its made of, binding material, presence of joint cavity), functional (amount of movement possible)
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what are the three structural joint categories?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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What are fibrous joints joined by and how much movement do they allow?
joined by fibrous connective tissue with minimal movement
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What are cartilaginous joints joined by and how much movement do they allow?
joined by cartilage and can be both rigid and slightly moveable
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What are synovial joints separated by and how much movement do they allow?
separated by a fluid filled cavity and are freely moving
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What are the 3 functional joint categories?
synathrosis, ampiathroses, diasthroses
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What does a synathrosis joint mean?
immoveable joints
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What does a ampiathroses joint mean?
slight movement
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What does a diathroses joint mean?
free movement
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What is the process chondrification?
process how cartilage is formed by mesenchyme tissue/ cells
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What is cartilage made up of?
glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, collagen fibres and elastin
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What are the features of cartilage?
resilient, smooth, flexible, elastic, avascular, aneural
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What are the 3 types of cartilage?
fibrous, hyaline and elastic
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Which type of cartilage has the most intercellular space?
fibrous, then hyaline, then elastic
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Where is fibrous, hyaline and elastic cartilage found?
fibrous= spine, hyaline= nose, ears, trachea, parts of larynx, elastic= parts of larynx
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What are the 3 sub categories of fibrous joints?
sutures, gomphoses, syndemoses
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What is a sutures fibrous joint?
a seam like joint with no movement, eg bones of the skill where the sedated edges of the bones interlock and join by fibrous tissues
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What types of joints does suture fibrous joints form?
serrate, lap (diagonal), plane (straight)
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What is a gomphoses fibrous joint?
a fibrous peg in socket joint, eg tooth joint, something which sits inside a layer of bone with periodontal ligaments holding the tooth onto bone
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What is a syndemoses fibrous joint?
bones which are joined by a fibrous membrane which can be a syntharthrosis or ampiarthoriosis as there can be a small element of movement
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What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint?
primary joint (synchondroses), secondary joint (synarthrosis)
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What further two categories are primary joints broken down to?
temporary and permanent
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What is a cartilaginous joint?
joins which are connected entirely by cartilage and lack a joint cavity
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What is a primary cartilaginous joint?
bones joined by hyaline cartilage
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What is a temporary primary cartilaginous joint?
hyaline cartilage at epiphyses plates connecting epiphysis and diaphysis of bone grows which ossifies to form bone
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What is a permanent primary cartilaginous joint?
when bone is united to cartilage structure (between rib and costal cartilage) which is functionally classified as synarthrosis
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What is a secondary cartilaginous joint?
Runs down midline of the body where bones are covered in hyaline cartilage and are separated by fibrocartilage disc
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How is a secondary cartilaginous joint functionally classified?
amphiarthrosis
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What is a synovial joint and how is it functionally classified?
Two bones which are separated by a fluid filled cavity which is functionally classified as amphiarthrosis
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What is a uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial joint?
uniaxial= move in one place only, biaxial= move in two places at right angles to each other, multi axial= move in multiple planes
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What are the five features of a synovial joint?
Articular cartilage, articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments
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What is and what is the function of articular cartilage in a synovial joint?
smooth hyaline cartilage which covers opposing bony surfaces, it absorbs compression placed on a joint to reduce bone crushing/ wear and tear
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What is the articular capsule in a synovial joint?
double layered fibrous, with the external layer tough and flexible and the internal layer making the synovial membrane of lose connective tissue
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What is the joint cavity in a synovial joint?
space filled with synovial fluid
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What is and what is the function of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?
fluid found in the joint, reduces friction and trauma which is less viscous when warm making the joint more freely moveable
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What is and what is the function of reinforcing ligaments in a synovial joint?
bundles of fibrous tissue holding two ends of the cavity in place, maintains the integrity of the line of the bone
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What is the menisci in a joint?
pads of fibrous tissue acting as cushions to ensure a neat tight join
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What is the bursae in the joint?
synovial fluid filled sacs used to ease movement in a joint
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Why does a false bursae develop?
develops as a consequence of excessive motion
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What is a tendon sheath?
elongated bursae wrapped around a tendon which is subject to friction
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What are the 6 types of synovial joint?
ball and socket, saddle, condylar, biaxial, pivot, hinge, plane
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What is the anatomy of a ball and socket joint and what movements does it allow?
spherical head joins with cup shaped socket, allows all movements so is multi axial
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What is the anatomy of a saddle joint and what movements does it allow?
two semi circular cross sections witting one within the other, all movement other than rotation
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What is the anatomy of a condylar joint and what movements does it allow?
oval convex surface joins with concave surface (subtler ball and socket model) which allows angular movement + slight rotation
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What is the anatomy of a pivot joint and what movements does it allow?
rounded edge of one bone sits in sleeve/ depression of another allow uniaxial rotation around the long axis
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What is the anatomy of a hinge joint and what movements does it allow?
cylindrical part of bone fits into depression of another, allows flexion and extension
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What is the anatomy of a plane joint and what movements does it allow?
flat articular surfaces which allows non axial movement- short sliding movements
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When describing a joint what should you include?
position, type, bones involved, articular surfaces, capsule/ligaments, synovial membranes, blood supply, nerves, movements and anatomical relations
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the hyoid bone?

Back

only unarticulated bone in the body which supports the tongue and is the attachment point for several muscles

Card 3

Front

What are the two categories for a joint?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are the three structural joint categories?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are fibrous joints joined by and how much movement do they allow?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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