Signalling in the Immune System

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Cytokines
Secreted proteins that mediate the effector functions of the immune system by acting as 1st messengers.
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TNF
Cell source: macrophages and T-cells. Involved in the activation of endothelial cells and neutrophils
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Chemokines
Cell source: macrophages and T-cells, platelets and fibroblasts. Involved in chemotaxis and activation of leukocytes
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Cytokines of Innate Immune System
IL-2, IL-10, IL-6
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Cytokines of Adaptive Immune System
IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13. Sourced from Lymphocytes
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Types of receptors
Ligand-gated ion channels; G-protein-coupled receptors; Nuclear hormone receptors; Receptor tyrosine kinase
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Cytokine Receptors
Cell-surface gylcoproteins that bind specifically to cytokines and transduce their signals. Enable cells to communicate with the extracellular environment.
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Common Gamma Chain
Interleukin-2- receptor subunit that is found in most IL-receptors. Located in the bond marrow and binds to cytokines. It transmits signals to the cells nucleus. It also directs the growth and maturation of lymphocytes.
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Interlocking receptors
Chains make up the receptors. if their is a mutation in one chain it can lead to big problems e.g. immunocompromised patients.
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JAK
Family of cytosolic protein-trysoine kinases. They regulate similar pathways to the growth factor receptors.
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JAK-STAT signalling pathway
Interactions between proteins in a cell, involved in cell processes such as immunity, cell division and cell death.Communicates signals from outside the cell to the nucleus. JAK-> signal transducer->activation of transcription proteins.
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SH2 domain-containing kinases
Bind to phosphorylated tryosines on receptors and directly phosphorylated STAT, resulting in STAT dimerization.
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CD40
Found on T helper cells, interacts with B cells
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B Cell Signalling Switches
Activated B cells can undergo class switching recombination, through excision of unwanted isotypes. This can be controlled by cytokines producing T cells.
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B Cells Activation
Encounter an antigen and proliferate. If they leave the follicle they differentiate into plasmablasts (short-lived). They secrete antibody to neutralise antigen.
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Germ Centre - Dark Zone
B cells rapidly proliferate, undergo hypermutation, generate variable domains by the enzyme AID.
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Germ Centre - Light Zone
Compete with other cells for an antigen, may undergo recombination. Can return back to the dark zone and vise versa.
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TLRs
Innate immune system. Single, membrane-spanning non-catalytic receptors expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Interferon Receptor Binding Signalling (a&b)
Membrane receptors that bing to endogenous type 1 interferon cytokines. Forms a binary complex -> ternary complex -> activation downstream JAK/STAT signalling.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Cell source: macrophages and T-cells. Involved in the activation of endothelial cells and neutrophils

Back

TNF

Card 3

Front

Cell source: macrophages and T-cells, platelets and fibroblasts. Involved in chemotaxis and activation of leukocytes

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

IL-2, IL-10, IL-6

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13. Sourced from Lymphocytes

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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