Developed by Cottrell, fell like they are being evaluated by the crowd/crowd member, this causes arousal/anxiety to increase. Cognitive stage of learning/beginners/low confidence/ intoverts -> performance gets worse due to increase arousal. Autonomou
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* What is a Pre-Game Routine?
They are rituals or specific pre-game programmes that players go through in the Short-Term preparation phase.
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* Why do Elite Performers use Pre-Game Routines to optimise their Performance?
Familiarity, Allows them to take control of their feelings & reduce anxiety/ increase confidence, Check equipment, often linked to superstition, Increase arousal, Help motivation, attention focus/shut out irrelevant information (maximise concentratio
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* Effects on Sporting Performance caused by Somatic Anxiety.
Relationship resembles inverted U, Best performance is achieved with moderate levels, very high/low leads to low level of performance, should decline once performance begins, Physiological symptoms: sweating, butterflies, increased HR, muscle tension
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* Effects on Sporting Performance caused by Cognitive Anxiety.
The relationship is negatively linear, the more you worry-the worst your performance, best performance has low levels of this anxiety, may remain high during performance, physiological symptoms: worry/inability to concentrate/fear of failure/nerves.
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* Define the term Choking.
Sudden inability to perform at an optimum level due to over anxiety/pressure (link to catastrophy theory).
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* Strategies to avoid/cope with Choking.
Set own achievable goals, use imagery/mental rehearsal, positive self-talk, relaxation techniques, music, centering techniques, simulation training, selective attention training.
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* Positive Effects of a Home Advantage on Performance.
Win the majority of games - host nations due better i.e. Olympics. Large/Supportive fans increase motivation and arousal, Proximity effect - closer the crowd more influence on performance (basketball), accustomed to environment/climate etc.
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* Negative Effects of a Home Advantage on Performance.
Too much pressure from home crowd - over aroused - catastrophy theory. Opposition may use as a motivation/silencing the home crowd.
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* Short-Term External Influences on Psychological Preparation.
Home Advantage, Crowd/Proximity Effect, Social Facilitation, Importance of Competition, Evaluation Apprehension, Environmental factors, coach.
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* Short-Term Strategies for Psychological Preparation.
Mental Rehearsal, Use of visualisation/imagery(get in the zone), use of positive self talk, practice under similar conditions (familiarity/get use to winning), relaxation techniques (to control anxiety), use of music (motivation/remove distractions).
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* Explain what is meant be Mental Rehearsal.
Thinking through different parts of the competition, thinking how you will respond to different situation/tactics, doing it before an event, use of imagery and visualisation, use of past experiences.
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* How does Mental Rehearsal affect Performance.
Allows you to produce strategies, allows you to react to different situations, reduces anxiety, can lead to an improved performance, increases confidence, helps control aggression, can motivate you, can focus attention.
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* Define the term Anxiety.
A natural reaction to a threat in the nevironment, part of our fight or flight response.
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* How does State Anxiety Affect Performance.
It is situation specific, the situation causes an increase in arousal/anxiety which can have an effect on performance i.e. choking/performance levels drop or increase. E.g. taking a penalty.
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* How does Trait Anxiety Affect Performance.
It is a characteristic of personality, relatively stable not affected by situation, can affect performance negatively and positively. E.g. Usain Bolt is very calm.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
* What is a Pre-Game Routine?
Back
They are rituals or specific pre-game programmes that players go through in the Short-Term preparation phase.
Card 3
Front
* Why do Elite Performers use Pre-Game Routines to optimise their Performance?
Back
Card 4
Front
* Effects on Sporting Performance caused by Somatic Anxiety.
Back
Card 5
Front
* Effects on Sporting Performance caused by Cognitive Anxiety.
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