Short term memory

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Patient RR had dysexecutive syndrome due to bilateral frontal lobe damage, what did this mean?
Struggled to control behaviour and with utilisation behaviour
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What did Sperling (1960) find in his iconic memory task?
Whole report capacity was 4.5 items maximum
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What is the role of sensory memory?
Acts as a buffer of iconic and echoic items until items are attended to or decay
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What did Sperling (1963), Turvey (1973) and Habber & Standing (1969) conduct experiments on?
Masking
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What curve demonstrates the primacy and recency effect (Murdoch, 1962)?
Serial position curve
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What does recency represent?
Short term memory
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What does primacy represent?
Long term memory
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What did rugby players demonstrate when they were asked to recall games (Baddeley & Hitch, 1977)?
Recency effect
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What did Milner (1956) suggest as a capacity for verbal STM?
7+/- 2 items
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What is the capacity for VSTM?
3-4 items
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What is the capacity of spatial STM?
5 items
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Studies by Chi (1978) and DeGroot (1966) on chess players found that_?
Players used chunking and LTM to remember playing positions better
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Murdoch (1961) found that pps remembered three letter words the best, true or false?
True
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What is the duration of STM?
No more than 10 seconds without rehearsal
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Speaking, word length and word complexity limit duration/ rehearsal abilities, true or false?
True
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What did Cowan et al (1992) identify as the reason for forgetting early learned items?
We forget earlier items while subvocally rehearsing later ones
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What term is used to describe putting information into a format for storage?
Encoding
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What is the phonological similarity effect (Conrad & Hill, 1964)?
Recall accuracy drops when letters that sound similar are presented together
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Why do people prefer auditory data/ why are we better at processing phonological code?
Visual information is available for longer than verbal information in every day life
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What term is used to describe that representation in the mind and an external object are not directly connected?
Propositional representation
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Is it true or false that you drop 20% capacity as you increase words to 5 syllables?
True
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What did Baddeley, Thomson & Buchanan (1975) find in their word length study?
There is a correlation between reading speed and memory recall
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According to Vogel, Woodman & Luck (2006), how long does it take to encode something into VSTM?
50ms
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Is attention heavily implicated in maintaining VSTM traces?
Yes
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What test is used for spatial memory?
The Corsi test
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What is the maximum dimension of grids that pps can detect change in?
8x8
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What did patient MV's medial frontal lobe damage lead to (Carlesimo et al, 2001)?
Impaired spatial memory
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What brain areas are activated during verbal recall (Smith & Jonides, 1997; Smith, Jonides & Koeppe, 1996)?
Left cortical areas- Broca's area and parietal lobe
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What brain areas are activated during spatial task (Smith & Jonides, 1997; Smith, Jonides & Koeppe, 1996)?
Right cortical areas- Premotor cortex, dorsolateral PFC and superior parietal lobe
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There is no dissociation in the brain for verbal vs visuospatial tasks, true or false?
False
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What model for memory says sensory registers, short term store and long term store are mental workplaces for problem solving?
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
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What is the difference between STM and working memory?
Working memory allows us to manipulate information for problem solving
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What is the deepest form of processing (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Craik & Tulving, 1975)?
Semantic
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What model contains the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and the central executive?
Baddeley & Hitch (1974)
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The phonological loop acts only as a rehearsal mechanism not an auditory store, true or false?
False
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What brain areas are involved in the rehearsal mechanism for the phonological loop?
Dorsal and ventral PFC
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The posterior area in the parietal lobe is the site for phonological store, true or false?
True
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What is the function of the visual cache (part of the visuospatial sketchpad)?
Stores information about visual form and colour
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What is the function of the inner scribe?
Processes spatial movement
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Which system controls everything and resembles attention?
Central executive
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What brain area is most associated with the central executive
PFC
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The central executive contains a system for automatic situations only, it does not handle new situations, true or false?
False
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Which system allows the content in different stores to combine, and also works as a store for verbal, spatial and visual information?
Episodic buffer
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What is the capacity of the episodic buffer?
4 chunks
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The central executive controls access to the episodic buffer, true or false?
True
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Which model doesn't believe in multiple stores but believes that attention works on LTM making certain information temporarily accessible?
Embedded processed model (Cowan, 1988)
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Which memory model is the most complete?
Working memory model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)
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Who conducted the study on masking in different visual fields?
Turvey (1973)
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Who demonstrated that there can be a small delay between visual images and you do not lose continuity?
Haber & Standing (1969)
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Who found that the act of determining the next letter in the list prevents rehearsal which eliminates the recency effect?
Waugh & Norman (1965)
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Who stated that people could remember 7 items +/- 2 for the digit span task?
Milner (1956)
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Who conducted the experiment that found evidence of chunking benefits (if we put pauses into streams of digits we remember the list better)?
McLean & Gregg (1967)
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Who found the evidence of the phonological similarity effect?
Conrad & Hull (1964)
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Who found evidence of the word length effect?
Baddeley et al (1975)
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Who found evidence of the correlation between reading speed and recall?
Baddeley, Thomson & Buchnan (1975)
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Who conducted the study on VSTM to demonstrate the capacity of grid dimensions we can detect change in?
Phillips (1974)
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Who conducted an experiment looking at how attention is involved in maintaining the representation during the delay period (VSTM)?
McCollough, Machizawa & Woodman (2007)
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Who conducted the experiment on VSTM that led to the belief that there are different pools of resource for each type of memory?
Allen, Baddeley & Hitch (2006)
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Who conducted the experiment on Korsakoff syndrome that provided criticism for the Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) multistore model?
Clarapede (1907)
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What did Pearson, Logie & Gilhooly (1999) conduct an experiment on?
The independence of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
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Who conducted the study showing that pps can memorise digits and perform a reasoning task without recall suffering?
Baddeley & Hitch (1974)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What did Sperling (1960) find in his iconic memory task?

Back

Whole report capacity was 4.5 items maximum

Card 3

Front

What is the role of sensory memory?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What did Sperling (1963), Turvey (1973) and Habber & Standing (1969) conduct experiments on?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What curve demonstrates the primacy and recency effect (Murdoch, 1962)?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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