Shallow Processing

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What is an example of shallow processing?
Can a man marry his widow's sister? people haven't fully processed the meaning of the word widow
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what is the need for shallow processing?
need for system tolerance: 'I'd love to be a mole on the wall in the liverpool dressing room at half time
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Just and Carpenter (1980)
Readers interpret a word while they are fixating it, and they continue to fixate it until they have processed it as far as they can
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Macdonald, Pearlmutter and Seidenberg (1994)
the communicative goal of the listener can be achieved with only a partial analysis of the sentence,” however they viewed “these as degenerate cases.
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What is the evidence of shallow processing?
Incomplete semantic commitment, garden path sentences (Lingering incorrect interpretations), pragmatic normalisation, misinterpretation of passive sentences, failure to detect semantic anomalies, failure to notice text changes
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What is incomplete semantic commitment?
Mary bought a brand new Hitachi Radio. It was in Selfridge’s window
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What is it?
The particular radio that she bought, so after she bought it, it was gone? The type of radio, so after she bought it, it was still there?
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What then happened?
Later when Joan saw it, she decided too that it would be a good purchase?
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Therefore?
We need to assign a meaning to it, was it the radio that Mary brought or was it the radio in Selfridge’s window
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Hollingworth et al (2001)
Garden path sentences: While Anna dressed the baby played in the crib, Did the baby play in the crib? Did Anna dress the baby? Suggests that once interpretation is good enough people dont bother about details
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What is pragmatic normalisation?
A breakdown of local semantic interpretation because of pragmatic override
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Who is the doer? What are active sentences?
The dog bit the man (99%) accurate, the man bit the dog (99% accurate)
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What are passive sentences?
The dog was bitten by the man (74% accurate), the many was bitten by the dog (88% accurate)
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What does this show?
More complex sentences, participants kept getting it wrong, the first passive sentence does not fit with world knowledge. Participants have interpreted the sentence the way people think what the sentence actually is
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Barton and Sanford, 1993
The survivors problem
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What was changed?
The word used, the survivors, injured, wounded, maimed
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What was found?
People were more likely to detect the mistake in the story if the word survivors was used, rather than wounded, maimed or injured
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What else would influence to answers?
Words that fit the context may be processed less deeply, the influence of the scenario (Air cras, 33%, Bicycle crash, 80% detection rate)
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What are easy to detect anomilies?
he spread the warm bread with socks
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What are hard to detect anomalies?
How many animals of each kind did moses take on the ark?
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What is the shallowing processing hypothesis?
Anomalies are not detected because: the full meaning of the anomalous words are not retrieved, or integrated with the representation of the discourse
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What is the reduced awareness hypothesis?
The comprehension system retrieves the meaning of the anomalies and attempts to integrate the semantics of the word in question with the rest of the text. However, for some reason, the fact of the anomaly may not reach conscious awareness
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Bohan and Sanford (2008)
Monitored people's eye movements as they read sentences containing hard to detect anomolies
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What was found?
No effect in first past reading times on hostages, longer reading times on hostages when anomaly was detected
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What is the conclusion?
Detection is not immediate but slightly delayed, detection results in severed disruption, disuption only observed when anomalies are consciously detected
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What is a hard to detect anomaly by Sanford et al (2011)
Child abuse cases are being reported much more frequently these days. In a recent trial, a 10-year sentence was given to the victim, but this was subsequently appealed.
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What is an easy to detect anomaly?
Leon was the manager of a struggling record shop. Yesterday, the owner told him that he would have to think of new ways to sell more {letters/records} if he wanted to keep his job
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What was conducted?
An N400 for easy to detect anomalies, sell more letters/record, higher activation for letters (anomaly) rather than records (Not anomaly)
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What was found?
No N400 effect for hard-to-detect anomalies Late positive potential (LPP) effect for hard-to-detect anomalies But ONLY when they were actually detected
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What is focus and depth of processing?
Logical subordination, linguistic focus, discourse focus, attention grabbing device
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What is logical subordination (Baker and Wagner, 1987)
Logical subordination clearly distinguishes focal information from 'extra' information,
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What experiment was conducted?
True or false: SUBORDINATE: The liver, which is an organ found only in humans, is often damaged by heavy drinking.
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What is the Main?
The liver, which is an organ often damaged by heavy drinking, is found only in humans.
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What is linguistic focus?
It was moses who took animals of each kind on the ark,
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What is the focus on two animals?
It was two animals of each kind that moses took on the ark, this cleft construction answers the question. What was taken on the ark>
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Sturt et al Focused?
[Focused] Everyone had a good time at the pub. A group of friends had met up there for a stag night. What Jamie really liked was the cider, apparently
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What was the unfocused sentence?
Everyone had a good time at the pub. A group of friends had met up there for a stag night. It was Jamie who really liked the cider, apparently.
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What was found?
If it was an unrelated meaning, they would notice the change of font
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What this methods aim?
To discover whether distinctions are not being made at some level of semantics
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What is it based on?
Granularity hypothesis, this referes to the finess of detail there is in a representation
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What does the focus increase?
The probability of detecting a change to a related word
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What does this suggest?
Information in focus represented at a finer level of detail
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What is the use of attention grabbing devices?
Depth of processing can be modulated by many attention-grabbing devices. Attention-grabbing devices may work in a similar way to focus devices
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What is anomaly detection?
MOSES decided to take two animals of each kind on the Ark (86.5% detection). Moses decided to take TWO animals of each kind on the Ark (68.3% detection).
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Text change detection?
Critical word presented in italics
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Auditory change detection?
Vocal stress on the critical word
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is the need for shallow processing?

Back

need for system tolerance: 'I'd love to be a mole on the wall in the liverpool dressing room at half time

Card 3

Front

Just and Carpenter (1980)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Macdonald, Pearlmutter and Seidenberg (1994)

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the evidence of shallow processing?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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