Senses- Neuroscience

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  • Created by: Sarah
  • Created on: 13-04-17 13:31
what spiked lingual papillae are responsible for texture?
filliform
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what is the fluid that controls balance?
endolymph
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where are bittertaste buds located?
at the back of the tongue
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what cells are involved in the taste bud?
epithlium supporting cells, basal cells (10 day turnover), sensory cells, tatse bud
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what does umani sense?
amino acids, meat, monsodium glutamate
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which lingual papuillae is least abundant because they disappear within 2-3 years?
foliate
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why does the olfactory system adapt quickly?
works by synaptic inhibition
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what happens when the odour molecule binds to the receptor?
opens Na channls -->second messenger cAMP
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what takes the odour to the odorant recpetor?
odorant binding protein
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how does sensory transduction in olfaction work?
odour binds to odorant receptor, GTP binding pro, G proteins adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP opens Ca +Na ion channels
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where is olfactory memory?
hippocampus
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where is the olfactory bulb go to?
olfactory cortex (conscious smell),hippocampus (memory), amygdala (emotional), hypothalamus (sex+neuroendocrine), reticular fomation (visceral response)
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what are the 2 pathways from the olfactory cortex?
to hippocampus or amygdala
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from the olfactory bulb goes to what?
olfactory cortex or hypothalamus
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in olfaction what does reticular formation do?
visceral responses
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what are the 3 forms of vitamin A?
retinol, retinoic acid, retinal
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what cells are used in nightime (scotopic) vision?
rods
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what are there more of rods or cones?
rods
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cones are responsible for colour photopigments what colours?
red, green and blue
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where are most of the cones?
in the fovea (centre)
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what is the thinnest part of the retina?
the fovea
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what is light?
EM energy in the form of waves
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what is the energy conversion in the photoreceptors
light to neural energy
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where is the the first synaptic relay for visual perception?
the thalamus, cell group: lateral geniticulate nucleus
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how are images formed in the eye?
by refraction, bending of light rays
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what part of the eye gives eye colour?
the iris
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where does the aqueous humour lie?
between the cornea and lens is watery
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what is the bony eye socket the eyeball sits on called?
the eye's orbits
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what moves the eyeball in the eyes orbit?
extraoccular muscles
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what device allows you to look at the inside retina of the eye?
an osthalamoscope
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where do retinal vessels origninate from?
the optic disk (where optic nerve fibres exit)
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which part of the retina has an absence of blood vessels and is responsible for central vision?
the maccula
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why does the maccula have no blood vessels?
specialization for central vision
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the cornea lacks blood vessels so what is it nourished by?
aqueous fluid
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what is the lens suspended by and attached to?
suspended by ligaments called zonule fibers, attached to cilliary muscle
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what does the lens do?
divides into 2 compartments with 2 different types of fluid
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where does the vitreous humour lie? what does it do?
between the lens and retina, keeps spherical
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what is the most refractive power in the eye?
the cornea as bigger differences between air and cornea
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what happens to the cilliary muscle during accomodationof the lens?
contracts+swells, area inside smaller + less tension on suspensory ligaments -> lens thicker+rounder
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what is the pupillary light reflex?
shining light into one eye makes the pupil constrict into the other eye too even if its covered
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what is a beneficial effect of pupil constriction?
increase in depth of focus, distant objects are more in focus
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what is visual acuity?
the ability of the eye to distinguish 2 points close together
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what is the most direct pathway for visual info to exit the cell?
photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells
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what cells fire action potentials?
ganglion cells
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innermost layer of the retina?
ganglion cells
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what must light pass through to get to the photoreceptors?
vitreous humour through the ganglion cell and bipolar cells --> photoreceptors
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why is the inside out organization of the eye cell advantageous?
pigmented epithelium that lies below photoreceptors is maintenance of photopigments and photoreceptors
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outermost layer of the retina?
photoreceptors
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where does the photoreceptors make synaptic connections with horizontal and bipolar cells?
plexiform layers
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which part of the photorecpetors have photopigments? what they do?
membranes of stack of membranous discs,
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whats more sensitive rods or cones why?
rods they have more membranous discs and higher photopigment concentrations so more sensitive
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how does phototransduction work?
a G-pro coupled neurotransmitter receptor activates G pros, stimulates enzymes, 2nd messenger ion channels
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what is the membrane in dark current?
depolarised- sodium channels open
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what are sodium channels stimulated to open by in the eye?
2nd messenger cAMP
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where is cMGP produced? by what enzyme?
in photoreceptors by guanyl cyclase
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what happens to the membrane potential in response to light?
it hyperpolarizes, Na channels close
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what do ON bipolar cells do in the light?
depolarize
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what is the photopigment in the rods?
rhodopsin
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what is ON bipolar cells?
metabotropic (g protein coupled)
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what keeps sodium channels open in the dark?
cMGP
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what happens to cMGP levels in response to light?
they decrease so sodium channels close
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what does light do to retinal?
conformational change activates opsin receptor
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what is the G protein in phototransduction?
transducin (from GDP --> GTP)
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rhodopsin does what?
breaks down transducin GDP to transducin GTP
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what does tranducin GTP do?
activates the enzyme phosophisterase
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what does the active enzyme phosphodiesterase do?
hydrolysis of cGMP --> GMP
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what does the tunica vasculosa consist of?
vascular, choroid (vasculaer) ciliary body (muscle, secretes aqueous humor) and iris
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What does a reduction in cGMP do?
closes the Na channels in the light
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what is the transmitter released by photreceptors?
the amino acid glutamate
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what do horizontal and amacrine cells do?
modify responses of bipolar+ganglion cells by lateral connections
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what do OFF bipolar cells do in response to light?
hyperpolarize
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what are OFF bipolar cells?
ionotropic
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what information goes to bipolar cells?
direct from photoreceptors, indirect from horizontal cells
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what secretes aqueous humor?
ciliary body
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what does the tunica fibrosa consist of?
collagen +BVs, sclera (white) cornea (transparent
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what does the tunica interna consist of?
retina and optic nerve
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what is aqueous humor absorbed by?
the canal of schlemm a blood vessel
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what are the most common causes of blindness?
glaucoma and cataracts
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what is glaucoma caused by?
increased in pressure as slow uptake of AH, pressure on blood supply leads to retinal degeneration
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what is cataracts?
cloudy lens
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what causes cataracts?
age, smoking, UV, diabetes mellitus
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what are the optical components?
aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, cornea
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what do the optical components do?
focus light on the retina
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what does glaucoma do?
stresses lamina cribrosa, damages blood supply to optic nerve, can block iriocornia angle + blood supply to retina
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what happens with cataracts?
decreased water content, lens becomes opaque
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where does the aqueous humor travel from and to?
posterior canal to anterior canal
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what muscle consricts the iris?
smooth circular muscle
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what does the iris do?
regulates light levels
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what is the photopupillary reflex?
occurs in both eyes even if only 1 is stimulated, consensual light reflex to a change in intensity
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what is the Edinger-Westphal nucleus responsible for?
convergence, pupil constriction, lens accommodation?
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what does damage to the edinger westphal nucleus do?
pupil dilation
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what cranial nerve is the optic nerve?
cranial nerve 2
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what muscle dilates the iris?
smooth radial muscle
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what nerve feeds from the brain to the eye?
occulomotor nerve, cranial nerve 3
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what happens to the cilliary muscle in near accomodation?
it contracts
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what happens to the zonal fibres in near accomodation?
they go up
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what is the choroid?
nutritional support full of blood vessels
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what is the lamina cribrosa?
the hole which the optic nerve enters out of
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what are the 3 things that happen when you move an object closer to your eye? CAM
convergence, accomodation, meiosis
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what happens in accomodation of the lens?
lens changes shape, bes what it wants to be, goes inwards, squashes and distorts it
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what is miosis in the near response?
constriction of eyes as object comes closer
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what does stem cells injected into the pigment epithelium show?
that you can regenerate the retina
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what photopigment is in cones?
phototropsin?
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when is glutamate secreted?
in the dark
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what color are most cones?
red (64%)
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where are W type ganglion cellsfound?
mainly in rods
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features of W type ganglion cell?
slow conducting, broad fields dendrites spread
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W type ganglion cell for what?
directional movement and vision in low light
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why can blind people still know if its day/night and have a biological rhythm?
melanopsin retinal ganglion cells
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what does melanospin expressing neurons impair?
learning and mood
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where are x type ganglion cells mainly found?
in cones
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qualities of X type gannglion cell?
slow conducting, small fields- dendrites don't spread
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what is X type ganglion cells for?
color vision and image formation
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what are Y type changes?
rapid responses, broad fields, fast conducting
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whats the most sensitive hearing range for humans?
(speech range) 1-7Khz
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where are the sensory cells for sound?
cochlea
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what is sound?
compresssion waves
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amplitude of sound wave gives what?
sound intensity
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structure of ear?
outer ear--> middle ear --> inner ear
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ear canals well adapted to what?
transfer frequencies in the speech range
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what part of the ear is best adapted to convert frequincies of 2-7khz?
ear canal to ear drum
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why do we have 2 ears?
sound localisation
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what is the frequency of sound?
the number of compressed air patches that pass by our ear in a second
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pressure wave range?
20Hz to 20,000Hz
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what is determined by freqency?
pitch and high or low tone
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intensity of a sound wave is what?
yhe difference in pressure betwen compressed and rareified patchws of air
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sound intensity gives us what of the sound?
the loudness of the sound
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what are first order neurons in the retina?
bipolar cells
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what are second order neurons in the retina?
ganglion cells
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what are features of rods?
high sensitivity, high convergence, peripheral, low resolution
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what wavelength are rods responsible for?
500nm
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what is duplicity theory?
cant have high sensitivity and resolution 2 different systems, 1 for colour one for monochrome
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what do amacrine and horizontal cells do?
contrast intensity
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what prodives contact between rods and ganglion cells?
amacrine cells
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order of layers in retina?
scleroid, choroid, pigment epithelium, rod + gone segments then nuclei, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
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what does central illumination (light) do to on cells?
depolarizes it
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what happens to glutamate when light stimulates off cells?
loss of excitation
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what are 2 important rules to understanding how light affects photoreceptors?
1) depolarised in dark 2) light inhibts glutamate release
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what is the pathway from the light receptors?
photreceptors -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve
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which cranial nerve is the optic nerve?
2
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what do amacrine and horizontal cells do?
contrast ntensity
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what is the gland with mucus secretions in the olfactory muscosa
bowmans gland
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in the olfaction system what is the 2nd order neurons
glomeruli
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where do glomeruli take the infomation?
olfactory bulb (slow umyelinated fassciles)
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how long do basal cells last?
10 cells
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what are basal cells?
stem cells
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what do glomeruli pass the info onto to go to the olfactory bulb?
mitral and tufted cells
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why does the olfaction system adapt quickly?
synaptic inhibition rather than activation
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what cranial nerve is the facial (chorda tympan)?
7
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the glossopharygeal is what cranial nerve what is it for?
gag reflex number 9
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what can you taste at the back why?
bitter ffoilate and valate
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what tastes are towards the tip of the tongue?
sweet and slaty
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in middle of tongue taste?
texture
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Card 5

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