Self-reporting

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Questionaires
Pre-set list of questions to record thoughts and feelings
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The difference between open and closed questions
Open questions do not include a fixed range of answers. In closed questions respondents are directed to a fixed set of responses from which they have to choose.
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Interviews
Mostly face-to-face interaction though some may be conducted over the phone.
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Structured interviews
Structured interview involves pre-set questions asked in a fixed order.
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Unstructured interviews
Unstructured interview has few or no pre-arranged questions
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Semi-structured interviews
Most common kind of 'everyday' interview: there are some pre-set questions but follow-ups are asked as the interview develops.
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A strength of questionnaires
Cost effective - can be used to gather large amounts of info quickly, they can be distributed to groups quickly
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A limitation of questionaires
People may not always be truthful - Social desirability bias, occurs when people want to paint themselves in a positive light
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A strength of structured interviews
Easy to replicate due to their standardised format
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A weakness of structured interviews
You cannot easily get extra information from them, as you cannot diverge from the set questions
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A strength of unstructured interviews
Much more flexible - interviewer can follow up points as much as they want - gives more on an insight into the world of the participant
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A weakness of unstructured interviews
Amount of potential data gathered makes analysis very tricky - sifting
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Closed questions within interviews
Closed questions include: Likert scale, rating scale,fixed choice option.
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Designing interviews
Interviews should include an interview schedule: a standard set of questions to reduce interviewer bias
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Ethics
Confidentiality is important if the interview (or questionnaire) is dealing with personal or sensitive topics
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Writing good questions
If respondents or interviewees are confused by the way questions are worded, this will have a negative impact on the quality of information recieved.
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What to avoid
Questions shouldn't include too much jargon, be leading or use emotive language, be double-barrelled or include double negatives
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Aside from open/closed questions, name and describe a ways in which researchers gather data in questionnaires
Likert scales - A scale in which the respondent indicates their agreement with a statement. The scale usually has 5 points and ranges from strongly agree to strongly disagree
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Rating scales
Similar to likert scale but gets respondents to identify a value which represents their strength of feeling on a certain topic.
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Fixed choice options
An item that includes a list of possible options and respondents are required to indicate which apply to them.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The difference between open and closed questions

Back

Open questions do not include a fixed range of answers. In closed questions respondents are directed to a fixed set of responses from which they have to choose.

Card 3

Front

Interviews

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Structured interviews

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Unstructured interviews

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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