Seeing and hearing lecture 8

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Whats a complex sound?
When there are multiple sounds in one, a sound made up of multiple frequencies
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What is the fundamental/ a fundamental frequency?
The lowest frequency component of sound (the base of a sound)
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What is the harmonics?
The integer multiples of the same fundamental frequency. They are the natural components of every-day sounds
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What is the spectrum?
Shows the frequencies in the sound (short sounds, non-varying sounds)
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What is a spectrogram?
Shows how the spectrum varies over time, used for longer and time-varying signals (e.g. music and speech)
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What is a pure tone?
Sounds with a single frequency component (i.e. a single sinusoidal wave)
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What is a Timbre?
The psychological sensation by which listeners can distinguish that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar (depends on the higher frequency components)
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What happens when the fundamental goes ?
The still part of the pitch is perceived the same
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What happens at 250 hz with missing fundamentals?
Some neurons will capture the beats through phaselocking, but there is no activity at 250 Hz on the Basilar membrane
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Why do different instruments sound different?
Because they have different intesnities at harmonics
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What are shepard tones?
By playing around with the energy in the harmonics the illusion is created that a sound keeps increasing in pitch
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What is attack part of the sound?
The part of the sound during which the amplitude increases at onset
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What is the decay part of the sound
The part of the sound when the sound decreases towards the end (offset)
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Why is attack and decay relevant?
A sound with a very sharp attack (steep rise in amplitude) will reach threshold sooner than a sound for which the rate of attack is slow. This is regardless of the exact content of the sound (for example the semantic meaning of the sound)
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What is the spectrum?
The energy at each frequency component
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What are the harmonics?
The Integer multiples of the same fundamental frequency
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What is used in speech produced?
The lungs, vocal folds/chords, nose, mouth,
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What are the 3 basic components of speech production?
Respiration, phonation, articulation
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What is phonation?
It is performed by the vocal cords (aka vocal folds) by tensing them ). The frequency of the vibration depends on the stiffness and size and mass of the vocal chords, men have heavier ones so tend to be deep. We can change the stiffness
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What is respiration?
performed by lungs, as the air passes through the vocal cords it makes them vibrate
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How do we make a higher pitch in the vocal chords?
By stiffining them
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What is articulation?
Performed by the vocal tract (mouth, nose), the vocal tract acts like a filter, enhancing some frequencies over others, it requires very find coordination of the jaw, lips, tongue, soft palate e.t.c
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Can articulation change the frequency of what you are saying?
Yes `
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Our vocal tract is a filter function what does this mean?
It creates a resonance filter and changes it to format peaks within the harmonics of sounds. These help us to distinguish vowels in speech, first formant (F1) is the formant with the lowest frequency.
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What are formants (F1, F2 and F3)?
Frequencies speech sounds are made out of, formants are associated with vowels
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What are formant transitions?
Changes from one set of formants to the next over time, associated with consonants
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What are phonemes?
Speech sounds, the smallest segment of speech that if changed would change the meaning of a spoken word
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What do vowels depend on?
The formant frequency
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Consonants?
Voiced and unvoiced depends on formant transition
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What are voiceless consonants?
When the vocal cords start moving
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What is coarticulation?
The articulation of phonemes is influenced by the phonemes that precede and follow it
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Is there a difference between speaking fast and slow?
Yes
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How do we categorise sperch sounds (categorical perception)?
Voice onset time and phonetic boundary
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What is the voice onset time?
The delay between the begining of sounds and when the vocal cord starts vibrating
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What is the phonetic boundary?
The point at which perception changes from one phoneme to the other
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What are the qualities categorical perception?
The sharp labelling boundaries and the discontinuous discrimination performance
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When do children start to distinguish between vowels?
At 6 months old
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When do children start to distinguish between consonants?
At 12 months old
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How do we deal with speech variability apart from categorising it?
Audiovisual speech perception (look at peoples mouths)
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What is the McGurk effect?
When someone says Ba Ba but their lips move like Ga Ga and we hear Da Da. We combine the auditory and visual information to come to the Da.
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When watching someone speak and hearing someone speaks what happens?
The same area in the brain activities,
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What happens when you hear a familiar voice?
The fusiform face area is activated
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What is the top-down effect of interrupting speech?
We use our prior knowledge. Ps respond faster to words than non-words. we also can understand words better in the context ,
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What is sinewave speech?
It uses just the frequencies of the formants of speech and removes all other speech cues
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What is speech segmentation?
It is the perception of individual words in spoken language
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During language development what do we learn?
That some phonemes often go together to form a word. We learn the transitional probabilities through statistical learning
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What is the motor theory of speech perception?
We not only perceive speech but we produce it as well and the moto activity and perception are closely linked for speech.
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What is the evidence for the motor theory of speech?
People making speech and producing lip movements activates the same area in the brain
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What is an issue with the motor theory of speech perception?
Speech production is just as complex as speech perception. Also other species can distinguish between human phonemes. Different areas of the brain for speech production and recogntion
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What is the broca's area?
For speech production
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Whatt is the wernickes area
For speech recognition
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What is the dual stream model for speech perception?
Ventral stream for recognising speech (perception) and the dorsal stream is used to produce speach (action)
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Why is sound useful?
Helps to identify the sound or a person, can be ian object for which an action is necessary
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What stream is used for producing speech and finding out where it is from?
dorsal stream
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What stream is used for recognising speech and finding out what it is?
Ventral stream
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What do vowels related to?
Formants in the spectrum
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What do consonants relate to?
Formant transitions
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How do we deal with a large variability in sound?
Categorical perception, Audio visual interactions and top-down interactions
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the fundamental/ a fundamental frequency?

Back

The lowest frequency component of sound (the base of a sound)

Card 3

Front

What is the harmonics?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the spectrum?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is a spectrogram?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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