The part of the stamen in flowers that produces microspores and pollen grains
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What is the cotyledon?
The seed leaf of a plant embryo which may contain food stored for germination
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What is the embryo?
The young sporophyte produced following fertilisation and subsequent development of the zygote
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What is the endosperm?
The 3n nutritive tissue that is formed at some point in the development of all angiosperm seeds
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What is the ovary?
In flowering plants, it is the base of the carpel that contains ovules. They develop into fruits after fertilisation.
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What is the pollen tube?
The tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and through which male gametes pass into the ovule
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What is the stigma?
The portion of the carpel where pollen grains land during pollination and before fertilisation
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What is the testa?
The outer protective layer of the seed, developed from the integuments of the ovule- diploid maternal tissue
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What is the radicle?
The embryonic root of a seed plant
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What is the genetic origin of the embryo?
half maternal and half paternal, diploid (2n)
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What is the genetic origin of the endosperm?
2/3 maternal and 1/3 paternal, triploid (3n)
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What is the genetic origin of the testa?
entirely maternal, diploid (2n)
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How do storage reserves work in seeds?
After embryo development, storage molecules accumulate in the endosperm or cotyledons and are used as a food supply after germination but before it becomes photosynthetic.
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What are seed storage molecules composed of?
carbohydrates, lipids, oils/fats and protein
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What is the most common storage carbohydrate?
starch
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The seeds of which crop plants are abundant in carbohydrates?
wheat, rice, maize
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Where does the carbohydrate sucrose mainly get stored?
the embryonic axis
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What are the benefits of the some glycoproteins being toxic?
They act as a deterrent to predators, for example, ricin.
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Do cereals store large or small amounts of proteins?
low amounts
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Do legumes store large or small amounts of proteins?
large amounts
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Which seeds are rich in proteins?
soybeans, beans, peas, cotton seed
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What type of of oil/fat do seeds mainly accumulate?
unsaturated
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Which seeds are rich in lipids?
sunflower, soya, maize, canola, safflower and peanut
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What percentage starch, protein, lipid and sugar is wheat?
63-71% starch, 10-15% protein, 1.5-2% lipid and 2-3% sugar
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Where is gibberellin produced?
the embryo
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How do gibberellins regulate amylase activity?
Diffuses out from embryo through the endosperm until it reaches the aleurone cells which have receptors for G. G binds to the receptors and the production of a-amylase is induced.
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What effect does alpha-amylase have on starch?
It hydrolyses starch to make sugars
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Why must germination be regulated?
to coordinate growth and development of the embryo
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What is dormancy?
The state in which seeds are prevented from germinating and must be triggered by an environmental factor to induce germination, for example, light or temperature.
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What is imbibition?
The uptake of water by dry seeds/ sowing of seed
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What is the aleurone layer of cells?
the outermost layer of the endosperm, sometimes called the peripheral endosperm
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What is emergence?
penetration of the soil surface by a newly germinated plant
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What are plant hormones?
chemicals that regulate plant growth
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What is epigeal germination?
storage material goes above ground
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What is hypogeal germination?
storage material stays below ground
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What is dehiscence?
the final stage, drying out
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the cotyledon?
Back
The seed leaf of a plant embryo which may contain food stored for germination
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