Crockett - 1851, 40% more people went to church on Sunday implying that the 19th century was the golden age of religiosity. Wilson - Western societies have undergone secularisation.
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Decline
Church attendance, religious beliefs and the influence of religious institutions have all declined.
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1. Rationalism
Replacing religious beliefs with rational thinking. Disenchantment - explaining events with natural forces instead of supernatural. Technological worldview - Bruce - technology has replaced explanations of why things happen.
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2. Structural differentiation
Parsons - Specialised institutions carry out functions performed by the church. Bruce - religion has become privatised.
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3. Social and cultural diversity
Wilson - in pre-industrial society people shared common values. Industrialisation has destroyed local communities and religion's base.
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4. Religious diversity
Berger - Catholic church's absolute monopoly has been challenged due to newly formed religious organisations.
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5. Cultural defence and cultural transition
Bruce - i. cultural defence - religion provides focus for defence of national identity in struggle against ii. cultural transition - religion provides a sense of community.
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The spiritual revolution
New age spirituality emphasising personal development. Spiritual market is growing with books about self-help and therapies. Heelas and Woodhead - NAS has grown due to wanting to explore inner self. Evangelical churches emphasise spiritual healing.
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Secularisation in the USA
Bruce - 1. declining church attendance. 2. Secularisation from within - its purpose from seeking salvation in heaven changed to seeking personal improvement. 3. Religious diversity and relativism - accepting others' beliefs different to own's.
9 of 9
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Church attendance, religious beliefs and the influence of religious institutions have all declined.
Back
Decline
Card 3
Front
Replacing religious beliefs with rational thinking. Disenchantment - explaining events with natural forces instead of supernatural. Technological worldview - Bruce - technology has replaced explanations of why things happen.
Back
Card 4
Front
Parsons - Specialised institutions carry out functions performed by the church. Bruce - religion has become privatised.
Back
Card 5
Front
Wilson - in pre-industrial society people shared common values. Industrialisation has destroyed local communities and religion's base.
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