None (degenerate nature produce same amino acid), Change in tertiary structure (different amino acid) or shortened chain (coded for stop triplet)
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Causes of cancer
High ionising radiation or certain chemicals
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Features of stem cells
undifferentiated & ability to continually divide
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Types of stem cell
Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent
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Sources of stem cells
Embryonic, umbilical cord, placental, adult
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Induced pluripotent stem cells
Use transcriptional factors to stimulated inactivated genes
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Transcription factors
Oestrogen diffuses through membrane and binds to transcription factor (activating DNA binding site), transcription factor then binds to DNA, stimulates transcription
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Hypermethylation of tumour suppressor gene
Increased methylation, condenses DNA-helix complex, transcription factors don't stimulate, transcription doesn't occur, protein controlling division not produced so cells divide uncontrollably = tumour
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What is chromatin
DNA and histones
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Acetylation
Acetyl removed or added to histone - deactylation increases positive charges & condenses chromatin
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Methylation
Added/removed from cytosine - prevents transcription factors binding or induces deacetylation
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Small interfering DNA
Double stranded DNA broken up by enzyme into siRNA. siRNA attaches to enzyme and guides enzyme to exposed bases of mRNA, this breaks up the mRNA molecule - preventing translation
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Cancer
When tumour cells have spread to other parts of the body
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Tumour
Mass of cells dividing out of control
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Benign tumour
Slow, differentiated, has capsule, localised effect to body & produce adhesion molecules
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Malignant tumour
Rapid, undifferentated, tend to spread, finger like projections as no capsule & life threatening
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Oncogenes
Mutations of proto-oncogenes
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Oncogenes role
Cause cells to divide
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Can go wrong by...
Continually stimulated & continually produce growth factors
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Genome
Complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism
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proteome
entire complement of proteins that is or can be expressed by a cell, tissue or organism
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Possible outcomes of substitution
Back
None (degenerate nature produce same amino acid), Change in tertiary structure (different amino acid) or shortened chain (coded for stop triplet)
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