Scientific processes

?
  • Created by: Laellex
  • Created on: 12-05-16 16:37
What is an aim?
a general statement of what you are planning to investigate
1 of 45
What is a hypothesis?
a clear and precise statement predicting what will happen
2 of 45
What is a directional hypothesis
predicts the difference between 2 conditions and the direction
3 of 45
What is a non-directional hypothesis?
states that the conditions will differ but not specific (no direction)
4 of 45
What kind of adjectives do directional hypothesis use?
more/less, higher/lower etc.
5 of 45
What is a operationalized hypothesis?
One that is specific
6 of 45
Example of operationalized hypothesis?
One group of participants will score higher on a memory test
7 of 45
What is sampling?
the process of selecting a small sample of participants to study from the target population
8 of 45
Why must a sample be representative?
so results from the sample can be generalised to the majority
9 of 45
What is random sampling?
when every individual from the target population has an equal chance of being selected
10 of 45
What is opportunity sampling?
when the researcher uses anybody available/in the area at the time of the study
11 of 45
What is volunteer sampling?
when participants self-select/volunteer to be part of the research
12 of 45
What is systematic sampling?
When every nth member of the target population is selected using a sampling frame
13 of 45
What is stratified sampling?
When the makeup of the sample reflects the proportions of people from different groups in the target population
14 of 45
What's a pilot study?
A small-scale trial run of the actual investigation
15 of 45
Aim of pilot study?
To identify any potential issues and modify the procedure if necessary
16 of 45
What is experimental designs?
The different ways participants can be organised into experimental conditions
17 of 45
What is independent measures/groups?
Using different participants for each condition of an experiment
18 of 45
What is repeated measures?
Using the same participants for each condition of an experiment
19 of 45
What is matched pairs?
Using different but similar participants in each condition
20 of 45
How are participants matched in matched pairs?
According to important characteristics that may affect performance
21 of 45
What is observation design?
How the researcher intend to records their data
22 of 45
What is an unstructured observation?
When the researcher/observer writes down everything they see, producing accounts rich in detail
23 of 45
What is a structured observation?
When the researcher/observer uses a pre-determined system of assessing behaviour
24 of 45
What do structured observations use?
Behaviour categories
25 of 45
What are behaviour categories?
The target behaviour broken down into components that are observable and measurable
26 of 45
What is event sampling in observations?
Counting the number of times a particular behaviour occurs in a target individual/group
27 of 45
What is time sampling in observations?
Recording behaviour within a pre-established time frame
28 of 45
What can closed questions be divided into in observations?
Likert scales, rating scales and fixed choice option
29 of 45
What is a likert scale?
When respondents indicate their agreement to a statement using a scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree
30 of 45
What is a rating scale?
When respondents use values to indicate their strength of feeling about a particular topic
31 of 45
What is a fixed choice option?
When respondents select options that apply to them from a list of possible values
32 of 45
What is a variable?
Something that can change
33 of 45
What are 2 variables that psychologists are interested in?
Independent and Dependent
34 of 45
What is the independent variable?
The variable that the researcher manipulates and to see its effect on the dependent variable
35 of 45
What is the dependent variable?
The variable that is measured by the researcher. Any effect on the DV should be caused by the IV
36 of 45
What is an operationalized variable?
A variable that can be measured
37 of 45
What is an extraneous variable?
Any variable other than the IV that can have an effect on the DV
38 of 45
What is a confounding variable?
A variable that can have an effect on the IV. It varies systematically with the IV
39 of 45
Difference between extraneous and confounding variables?
Extraneous variables don't vary systematically with the IV
40 of 45
What two types of extraneous variables are there?
Situational + Partcipant
41 of 45
What are situational variables?
Variables connected with the research situatuion
42 of 45
Examples of situational variables?
Location, Temperature, Distractions
43 of 45
What are participant variables?
Variables concerned with individual differences of research participants
44 of 45
Examples of participant variables?
Intelligence, Mood, Age, Health
45 of 45

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is a hypothesis?

Back

a clear and precise statement predicting what will happen

Card 3

Front

What is a directional hypothesis

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What kind of adjectives do directional hypothesis use?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Research methods and techniques resources »