science chemestry c1

Solution: Solute: Solvent: Soluble::

it won’t dissolve Solubility a mixture of its solute and solvent that does not separate out the substance being dissolved the liquid it’s dissolving in a measure of how much will dissol

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Emulsifiers

help oil and water mix(emulsion)

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Food colours – Flavour enhancers – Antioxidants

make the food look more appetising bring out the taste and smell of food without adding a flavour of their own help to preserve food

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Some foods need to be cooked e.g. boiling, grilling, frying etc… why?

Better taste/texture Easier to digest Harmful microbes are killed (from high temperatures) Some foods such as kidney beans contain poison when raw

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Cooking can cause what chemical change to eggs and meat

Eggs and meat -, protein molecules change shape when heated. The energy from cooking breaks some of the chemical bonds in the protein allowing the molecule to take a different shape. The food also gets a more edible texture. This change is irreversib

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the chemical changes to a potato

– potatoes are plants meaning each potato is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose. Humans cannot digest cellulose. Cooking the potato ruptures the cell walls. It makes the starch grains inside the cell swell up and spread out. These chan

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Esters are made by etherification: what is the equation?

Acid + Alcohol = Ester + Water

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what property do perfumes need ?

Easily Evaporates – So the perfume particles can reach the nose Non- Toxic – so it doesn’t poison you Doesn’t react with water – so it doesn’t react with the water in your sweat Doesn’t irritate the skin – so you don’t get a rash/burn Insoluble in wa

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information about Solids: Liquids:

Solids: strong forces of attraction between the particles. If you heat the solid and give the particles more energy eventually it will melt and become a liquidsome forces of attraction between the particles. If you heat the liquid eventually it boils

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is Nail varnish is insoluble or soluble in water..

Nail varnish is insoluble in water..

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what are Solvent Pigments Binding medium Solvent

Pigments – give paints their colour Binding medium – liquid that carries the pigment parts and holds them together Solvent – thins the paint to make it easier to spread

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what is a paint ?

A paint is a colloid where particles of the pigment (usually a solid) are dispersed through a liquid.

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Oil paint dries in two different stages:

The solvent evaporates 2) The oil is oxidised by oxygen in the air before it turns to a solid

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what are Thermochromic Pigments Phosphorescent Pigments

– change colour when heated – glow in the dark

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Plastics are long chain molecules called

polymers

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They need -------- and a --------to be made

pressure catalyst

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in a polymer a Weak Force means :

if the plastic is made up of long chains that are held together by weak intermolecular forces then the chains will be free to slide over each other. This means that plastic can be stretched easily and will have a low boiling point

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in a polymer a strong Force means :

some plastics have stronger between the polymer chains , these might be covalent bonds between the chains or cross-linking bridges. These plastics higher melting points are rigid and can’t be stretched as the crosslink's hold the chains firmly togeth

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Alkanes all have

C-C single bonds

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Alkenes all have

C=C double bonds

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You can do a test with bromine water:

Alkane: no reaction it will stay bright orange. Alkene: an addition reaction takes place, bromine will add to the double bond, the bromine water is decolourised.

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are alkanes satureted or un-saturated?

Alkane: saturated compound,

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are alkanes saturated or un-saturated?

un-saturated

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crude oil is a mixture of lots of different?

hydrocarbons

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The different compounds of a hydrocarbon are separated by

fractional distillation.

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The longer hydrocarbons have?

have higher boiling points – they turn back into liquids and drain out of the column early on.

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the shorter hydrocarbons have?

The shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points – they turn to liquid and drain out of the column much later on

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CRACKING is :

Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons. It turns long alkane molecules into smaller alkane and alkene

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COMPLETE COMBUSTION HAPPENS WHEN

THERE IS PLENTY OF OXYGEN Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION HAPPENS WHEN

THERE ISN’T ENOUGH OXYGEN Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon (+energy)

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Get Revising

science chemestry c1

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