SCIENCE BIOLOGY FLASHCARDS!

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THE WORLD OF THE MICROSCOPE = 1 KILLOMETRE (KM)
1000 METRES (M)
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1 METRE (M)
100 CENTIMETERS (CM)
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1 CENTIMETRE (CM)
10 MILLIMETRES (MM)
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1 MILLIMETER (MM)
1000 MICROMETRES (μm)
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1 MICROMETRE (μm)
1000 NANOMETRES (NM)
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1 NANOMETRE (NM)
0.000 000 0001 METRES (1×10-9 M)
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MAGNIFICATION
SIZE OF IMAGE ÷ SIZE OF REAL OBJECT
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SIZE OF REAL OBJECT
SIZE OF IMAGE ÷ MAGNIFICATION
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RESOLVING POWER
RESOLVING POWER IS DEFINED AS THE ABILITY OF A MICROSCOPE OR TELESCOPE TO RECOGNIZE TWO CLOSE TOGETHER IMAGES AS BEING SEPARATE. AN EXAMPLE FOR THIS IS HOW WELL A TELESCOPE CAN SHOW TWO STARS AS BEING SEPARATE STARS.
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ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS = NUCLEUS
CONTROLS ALL THE ACTIVITIES OF THE CELL AND IS SURROUNDED BY THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE. IT CONTAINS THE GENES ON THE CHROMOSOMES THAT CARRY THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING THE PROTEINS NEEDED TO BUILD NEW CELLS OR NEW ORGANISMS.AVERAGE DIAMETER IS AROUND10μm.
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CYTOPLASM
A LIQUID GEL IN WHICH THE ORGANELLES ARE SUSPENDED AND WHERE MOST OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS NEEDED FOR LIFE TAKE PLACE.
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CELL MEMBRANE
CONTROLS THE PASSAGE OF SUBSTANCES SUCH AS GLUCOSE AND MINERAL IONS INTO THE CELL. IT ALSO CONTROLS THE MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES SUCH AS HORMONES OUT OF THE CELL.
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MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURES IN THE CYTOPLASM WHERE AEROBIC RESPIRATION TAKES PLACE, RELEASING ENERGY FOR THE CELL.
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AEROBIC RESPIRATION
PROCESS OF PRODUCING CELLULAR ENERGY INVOLVING OXYGEN.
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RIBOSOMES
WHERE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE, MAKING ALL THE PROTEINS NEEDED IN THE CELL.
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ALGAE
SIMPLE AQUATIC ORGANISMS. THEY ALSO MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND HAVE MANY SIMILAR FEATURES TO PLANT CELLS.
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CELL WALL
THE OUTERMOST CELL LAYER FOUND IN PLANTS AND CERTAIN ALGAE, BACTERIA AND FUNGI BUT ABSENT FROM ANIMAL CELLS.
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CELLULOSE
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE THAT MAKES UP PLANT AND ALGAL CELL WALLS AND GIVE THEM STRENGTH.
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CHLOROPLAST
THE ORGANELLES IN WHICH PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE.
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CHLOROPHYLL
THE GREEN PIGMENT CONTAINED IN THE CHLOROPLASTS.
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PERMANENT VACUOLE
SPACE IN THE CYTOPLASM FILLED WITH CELL SAP.
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EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS = EUKARYOTIC CELLS
HASA CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM AND GENETIC MATERIAL(DNA) ENCLOSED IN A NUCLEUS.
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BACTERIA
SINGLE-CELLED PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS.
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PROKARYOTIC CELLS
HAVE A CYTOPLASM SURROUNDED BY A CELL MEMBRANE AND A CELL WALL THAT DOES NOT CONTAIN CELLULOSE.
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SPECIALISATION IN ANIMAL CELLS = NERVE CELLS
SPECIALISED TO CARRY ELECTRICAL IMPULSES AROUND THE BODY OF AN ANIMAL
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MUSCLE CELLS
SPECIALISED CELLS THAT CAN CONTRACT AND RELAX. MUSCLE CELLS WORK TOGETHER IN TISSUES CALLED MUSCLES.
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SPERM CELLS
USUALLY RELEASED A LONG WAY FROM THE EGG THEY ARE GOING TO FERTILISE. THEY CONTAIN THE GENETIC INFORMATION FROM THE MALE PARENT.
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ROOT HAIR CELLS
YOU FIND ROOT HAIR CELLS CLOSE TO THE TIPS OF GROWING ROOTS. THIS HELPS THEM TO TAKE UP WATER AND MINERAL IONS MORE EFFICIENTLY. THESE ARE MORE CLOSE TO THE XYLEM TISSUE.
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PHOTOSYNTHETIC CELLS
ONE OF THE WAYS PLANTS DIFFER FROM ANIMALS IS THAT PLANTS CAN MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS. THERE ARE LOTS OF PLANT CELLS THAT CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
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XYLEM CELLS
THE TRANSPORT TISSUE IN PLANTS THAT CARRIES WATER AND MINERAL IONS FROM THE ROOTS TO THE HIGHEST LEAVES AND SHOOT. THIS IS IMPORTANT IN SUPPORTING THE PLANT.
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PHLOEM CELLS
SPECIALISED TRANSPORT TISSUE THAT CARRIES THE FOOD MADE BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS AROUND THE BODY OF THE PLANT.
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DIFFUSION = DIFFUSION
SPREADING OUT OF PARTICLES OF ANY SUBSTANCE IN A SOLUTION OR PARTICLES IN A GAS.
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OSMOSIS = PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
A MEMBRANE THAT ALLOWS ONLY CERTAIN SUBSTANCES TO PASS THROUGH.
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OSMOSIS
THE DIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH A PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE FROM A DILUTE SOLUTION (WHICH HAS A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF WATER) TO A CONCENTRATED SOLUTION (WITH A LOW CONCENTRATION OF WATER).
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ISOTONIC
A SOLUTION THAT IS THE SAME CONCENTRATION AS THE CELL CONTENTS.
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HYPERTONIC
A SOLUTION THAT IS MORE CONCENTRATED THAN THE CELL CONTENTS.
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HYPOTONIC
A SOLUTION THAT IS LESS CONCENTRATED THAN THE CELL CONTENTS.
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TURGOR
THE PRESSURE INSIDE A PLANT CELL EXERTED BY THE CELL CONTENTS PRESSING ON THE CELL WALL.
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