Science B1

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Eukaryotic cells
They contain a nucleus. Examples of these are plant and animal cells
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Prokartaryotic cells
These don't contain a nucleus. Their genetic material floats in the cytoplasm. Examples of these are bacterial cells
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Nucleus
Controls the activities of the cell. It also contains the organism's genetic material. This determines the cells appearence and function. Also contains instruction to make new cells or organisms.
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Cell membrance
A barrier that controls which substances pass into and out of the cell.
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Cytoplasm
A 'jelly-like' substance. The chemical reactions that keep the cell alive happen here.
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Mitochondrion
Where respiration happens. Contain enzymes needed for the reactions involved.
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Chloroplast
These contain green sunstance called chlorophyll. It's also where photosynthesis happens
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Cell wall
Made of cellulose and gives support or the cell
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Animal cell
Nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and cell membrane.
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Plant cell
Nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cell membrane and chloroplasts
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Bacteria cell
Chromosomal DNA, plasmids and cell membrane
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Chromosomal DNA
It controls the cell's activities and replication. It floats free in the cytoplasm
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Plasmids
Small loops of extra DNA that aren't part of the chromosome. These contain genes for things like drug resistance and can be passed between bacteria
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Light microscope- Eyepiece lens
Looked through the image and also magnifies the image
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Light microscope- Objective lens
Magnifies the image and there are normally three diffferent objective lenses, x4, x10, x40
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Light microscope- Stage
Supports the slide
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Light microscope- Clip
Holds the slide in place
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Light microscope- Handle
To carry he microscope with
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Light microscope- Lamp
Shines light through the slide so the image can be seen more easierly
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Light microscope- Focusing knobs
It moves the stage up and down to bring the image into focus
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Total magnification
total magnification= eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification
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Magnification
magnification= image/ real size
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Chromosomes
These are long molecules of coiled up DNA. The DNA is divided up into short sections called genes
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DNA and double helixs
DNA is a double helix, which is a double-stranded spiral. Each of the two DNA strands is made up of lots of nucleotides joined up together in a long chain. This makes a DNA a polymer
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Bases of DNA
Each ncleotide contains a small molecule called a base. DNA have just 4 different bases.
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Complementary base-pairing
A(adenine), C(cytosine), G(guanine) and T(thymine). A is always paired up with t and c is always paired up with g.
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Nucleotides
Each DNA nucleotides contains the same sugar and a phosphate group. The base on each nucleotide is the only part of the molecule that varies. The base is attached to the sugar
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DNA is a polymer
These are large, complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers joined together. Monomers are small, basic molecular units. DNA is a polymer made up of nucleotide monomers
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Enzymes
They are catalysts and produced by living things. They break down food in your body which then makes it digestible.
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Lock and key Enzymes
Every enzyme has an active site, which joins into it's substrate to catalyse the reaction. They only go with one substrate, this is because for the enzymes to work the substrate has to fit into an active site.
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Enzymes being able to work
If enzymes don't have the right temperature, pH and concentration they won't work.
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Enzymes - Temperature
The most important human enzymes is about 37 C
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Enzymes - pH
If the pH is to high or low, it interferes with the bonds holding the enzymes together. This changes the shape of the active site. The optimum pH that works best is neutral pH 7, but not always.
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pH - Pepsin
Pepsin is an enzyme used to break down proteins in the stomach. It works best at pH 2 which means it's well-suite to the acidic conditions in the stomach
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Respiration
It's the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose, a sugar. It goes in every cell in all living organisms. It's a chemical process and is controlled by enzymes, the rate of respiration is affected by temperature and pH.
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Word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals
glucose
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Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi
glucose
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Photosynthesis
Green plants and algae use energy from the sun to make glucose. Then it's to make larger, complex molecules. It happens in chloroplasts, they contain chlorophyll which absorbs light.
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The rate of photosynthesis
Light transfers the energy needed for photosyntheis. As the light level is raised, the rate of photosynthesis increases steadily but only up to a certain point.
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Aerobic Respiration equation
C H
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Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
c
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Photosynthesis equation
6C
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Rate of reaction equation
Amount of reactant used or amount of product formed/ time taken
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

These don't contain a nucleus. Their genetic material floats in the cytoplasm. Examples of these are bacterial cells

Back

Prokartaryotic cells

Card 3

Front

Controls the activities of the cell. It also contains the organism's genetic material. This determines the cells appearence and function. Also contains instruction to make new cells or organisms.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A barrier that controls which substances pass into and out of the cell.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A 'jelly-like' substance. The chemical reactions that keep the cell alive happen here.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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