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  • Created by: Radd_fr
  • Created on: 02-05-19 20:17
Cells
Organisms can be Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes Animal cell:Nucleus,cytoplasm,cell membrane,mitochondria ribosomes.Plant cell have 3 more Cell wall,Chloroplasts & sap vacuole.Bacteria cell:Chromosomal DNA,Plasmid DNA,Ribosomes,cell membrane Flagellum
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Specialised Cells
Egg cells:contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo,has haploid nucleus,membrane changes structure to stop more sperms.Sperm cells:long tail to swim to egg,mitochondria in mid section,Acrosome stores enzymes & a haploid nucleus
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Microscopy
Light microscopes-beneficial for things like nuclei & chloroplasts Electron microscopes-Have higher magnification and resolution.Magnification=Image size/real size
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Enzymes
Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things.Catalysts speed up a reaction.They need right temp,PH & substrate concentration. Rate=1000/Time
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Enzymes in breakdown and synthesis
Carbohydrases~carbohydrates¬simple sugars Proteases~proteins¬amino acids Lipases~lipids¬glycerol & fatty acids
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Diffusion and Active Transport
Diffusion=Overall net movement of particles from high to low concentration.Active transport=movement of particles across a membrane against concentration gradient
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Osmosis
Osmosis= the result of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane from a lower concentration to a higher one.Percentage change=final mass-intital÷inital x100
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Genes And Alleles
Alleles are different versions of same gene.Some are Dominant(C) & others recessive(c).Two same alleles(homozygous) whilst different is heterozygous.Alleles determine your phenotype
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Variation
Phenotype is determined by a mixture of genetic & environmental factors.Alleles arise due to genetic mutations,altering an individual's characteristics.Single mutation may result in production of protein that is different(can no longer function)
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The Human Genome Project
20000 Genes were mapped in the HGP. Pros:Prediction & prevention for diseases,testing & treatment for inherited disorders,New & better medicine.Cons:increased stress,Gene-ism,Discrimination (employers & insures)
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Natural Selection
Natural selection="survival of the fittest". Predation,competition for resources acts as selection pressures.Fossils provide evidence for evolution.Fossil is any trace of biodiverse that have lived a long time ago(thousands of years)
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Evidence For Evolution
Bacteria provide evidence when they develop random mutations in the DNA.Antibiotics resistance makes the bacteria better adapted to an environment in which antibiotics are present
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Evidence For Human Evolution
Fossils suggest humans & chimpanzees evolved from a common ancestor aka hominid. Ardi(4.4 mill yrs) Lucy(3.2 mill yrs) Leakey(1.6 mill yrs)
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Classification
Animal-fish, Plant-trees, Fungi-mushroom, Prokaryotes-no nucleus, Protist-algae.3 main domains are Archaea,Bacteria & Eukarya
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Selective Breeding
Selective Breeding is useful in agriculture(better characteristics) & medical(reason behind alcoholism). Disadvantages:reduces gene pool,cause health problems & develop new disease.
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Genetic Engineering
GE involves modifying an organism 's genome to introduce desirable characteristics.Eg agriculture-resistant to herbicides Medicine-bacteria can produce human insulin. Risk:effect food chain,harmful to GM animals.
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Genetic Engineering 2
Enzymes can cut/join DNA pieces together.Ligase enzymes(join 2 DNA together at sticky ends). Recombinant DNA(2 different DNA stuck together)
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Health And Disease
Health=A state of complete physical,mental & social well being. Diseases can be non/communicable and are caused by pathogens(fungi,bacteria,virus,protist).
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Communicable Diseases
Chalara ash dieback(fungal) malaria(protist) cholera(bacterial) tuberculosis(bacterial)
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STIs
STIs are sexually transmitted infections.Chlamydia reproduce inside host cells It results in infertility.HIV kills white blood cells effecting the immune system to fail..
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Fighting Diseases
Physical & chemical barriers stop pathogens entering the body.Physical:cells in the trachea & bronchi produce mucus(traps pathogens). Chemical:Stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens that are swallowed.Immune system attacks pathogens
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Memory Lymphocytes
Memory lymphocytes can recognize an antigen introduced into the body during a prior infection or vaccination. Memory lymphocytes mount a rapid & strong immune response when exposed to an antigen for a 2nd time.Both T cells B cells are memory cells
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Immunisation
Immunisation prevents infections.It usually involves injecting dead or inactive pathogens into the body.(they carry antigens which trigger production of memory lymphocytes)
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Antibiotics And Other Medicines
Antibiotics treat bacterial infections.Preclinical testing-Drugs are first tested on human cells & tissues.They are tested on animals to see the outcome.Clinical-Drugs are tested on healthy humans to see any side effect.Trials are blind & doubleblind
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Non-Communicable Disease
NCD are caused by risk factors.Smoking is a risk associated with cardiovascular disease.Cancer,liver,lung disease and obesity are factors.NCD are very common.Cardiovascular disease n/o 1 cause of death worldwide
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Measures of Obesity
Body Mass Index =Mass(kg)÷Height(m). Waist-to-hip ratio=Waist circumference÷ hip circumference.
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Treatments For Cardiovascular Disease
CVD affect heart & blood vessels.Too much cholestral cause fatty deposits in arteries,restricting blood flow.This causes a heart attack.Lifestyle changes scan be used to treat CVD(keeping a healthy,balanced diet)
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Treatments For Cardiovascular Disease
Statins reduce cholesterol in the bloodstream to reduce risk of heart attack,strokes.-tive side effects:aching muscles,liver damage.Surgical procedures repair damage.Risks:clots,infection,blood
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Egg cells:contains nutrients in the cytoplasm to feed the embryo,has haploid nucleus,membrane changes structure to stop more sperms.Sperm cells:long tail to swim to egg,mitochondria in mid section,Acrosome stores enzymes & a haploid nucleus

Back

Specialised Cells

Card 3

Front

Light microscopes-beneficial for things like nuclei & chloroplasts Electron microscopes-Have higher magnification and resolution.Magnification=Image size/real size

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things.Catalysts speed up a reaction.They need right temp,PH & substrate concentration. Rate=1000/Time

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Carbohydrases~carbohydrates¬simple sugars Proteases~proteins¬amino acids Lipases~lipids¬glycerol & fatty acids

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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