Science

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Prokaryotes
Smaller than eukaryotic cells, have loose DNA, may have plasmid
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Eukaryotes
Have membrane bound organelles
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Membrane bound organelles
Small structure within a cell, eg nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast and ribosomes.
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Plant cells vs Animal cells
Plant cells have vacuole, plant cells have a cell wall
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Nucleus
Controls the activities of the cell, contains DNA
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Cytoplasm
Where most chemical reactions take place
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Cell Membrane
Controls passage of substances in and out of the cell
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Mitochrondria
Where most energy is released is respiration
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Ribosomes
Where protein synthesis occurs
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Chloroplasts (PLANT ONLY)
Absorbs light energy to make glucose in photosynthesis
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Permanent Vacuole (PLANT ONLY)
Filled with cell sap
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Cell Wall (PLANT ONLY)
Strengthens the cell, made from cellulose
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Plasmids (PROKARYOTIC)
Ring of DNA
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Flagella (PROKARYOTIC)
Helps with movement of the cell (like a tail)
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Red Blood Cell
Function: Transports oxygen around the body Adaptation: small, can fit through narrow blood vessels/capillaries, has large SA to carry more oxygen
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Sperm Cell
Function: fertilises eggs Adaptation: long flagella helps it swim
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Muscle Cell
Function: Helps you move (contract and release) Adaptation: long, thin and full of protein
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Nerve Cell
Function: receives impulses from other cells Adaptation: many short extensions so it covers more SA
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Ciliated Epithelial Cell
Function: makes current to remove bacteria Adaptation: tall fine hair like structures
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Xylem
Function: transports water from roots Adaptation: non-living with hollow centre
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Phloem
Function: glucose is transported from roots which can go up and down
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What are Stem Cells?
A cell that is not yet specialised (differentiated), there are 2 types
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Embryonic Stem Cells
Stem cells found in embryos that can develop into almost every type of cell
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Adult Stem Cells
Found in bone marrow and can only change in to a few type of cells
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Stem Cell Research: Pros and Cons
Cons: Could be seen as unethical, because it is potentially ending a life Pros: could solve incurable diseases eg parkinsons
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What is diffusion?
The net movement of molecules/particles from a high conc to low conc across a partially membrane until equilibrium is reached, it is a passive process
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What is a passive process?
A process that doesn't require energy eg diffusion/osmosis
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What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water molecules from high conc to low conc across a partially permeable membrane
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What is active transport?
Active transport is when carrier proteins pull the particles through the cell membrane into the cell - eg hair root cell grab the mineral ions from the lower concentration and places them in the higher.
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Skeletal system
Function : holds the body up and protects main organs - main organs involved : Bones
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Digestive system
Function : digests food, main organs involved : stomach, intestines
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Reproductive system
Function : creates babies - main organs involved - penis, testicles, vagina, ovaries, uterus
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Circulatory system
Function : Sends blood around the body. Main organs involved - Heart, veins, arteries and capillaries
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Nervous system
Function : sends signals around the body. Main organs involved - brain and spinal cord.
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Respiratory system
Function : exchange of gases in the body. Main organs involved - lungs, capillaries, arteries
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Urinary system
Function - disposal of waste products from body. Main organs involved - kidneys, bladder & urethra
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Digestive system - Mouth
Function - receives and chews up food into small particles. Amylase (enzyme) and saliva help break down food particles.
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Digestive system - Oesophagus
Transports food particles from mouth to stomach using process called peristalsis - contraction and relaxation in waves of the muscles in the oesophagus pushing the food along the food tract.
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Digestive system - Stomach
Contains hydrochloric acid and digestive juices which break down the food and the digestive enzymes split up the proteins. The acidic gastric juice also kills bacteria.
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Digestive system - Liver
Produces bile which emulsifies fat, also neutralises the stomach acid. The gall bladder stores bile and releases it.
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Digestive system - Pancreas
Controls blood sugar levels by use of insulin and glucogen
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Digestive system - small intestine
Food passes through the small intestine. Villi line the small intestine and products from digestion are passed through the walls of the small intestine via the villi into the blood stream via active transport.
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Digestive system - large intestine
Anything that cannot be digested is passed through the colon where excess water is reabsorbed into the blood stream, and then the remaining solids are passed through the rectum and anus as faecal matter.
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Enzymes - Lock & Key model
Enzyme molecules work by colliding with substrate molecules and forcing them to break up or join with others in synthesis reactions. This is lock & key theory.
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Effect of PH and temperature variations on lock & key theory
The 2 main variables that can change the active site on an enzyme are ph and heat. They change the size and shape of the active site. These become useless.
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What enzyme breaks down what?
Lipids break down fatty acids or glycerol. Amino acids break down protein. Simple carbohydrates break down complex carbohydrates.
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The role of bile
Chemical produced in liver, stored in gall bladder. 2 functions : 1) neutralises stomach acid, producing slightly alkali conditions for enzymes to work in. 2) Emulsifies (breaks down fats) increasing surface area for lipase enzyme breaking down lipid
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Enzymes - carbohydrase (What it does, where it is produced & conditions)
Where : Mouth (saliva glands), pancreas and small intestine. What : Digests carbohydrates (eg starch) into simple sugars. Conditions: alkaline & neutral
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Enzymes - lipase (What it does, where it is produced & conditions)
Made : pancreas. What : digests fats into fatty acids. Conditions : alkaline
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Enzymes - Protease (What it does, where it is produced & conditions)
Where - Stomach (pepsin), pancreas and small intestine. What : Digests proteins into amino acids. Conditions : acid and alkaline
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Blood - Plasma
Carries hormones, antibodies, nutrients and waste substances
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Blood - platelets
Tiny cell fragments, initiate the clotting process and repair damage to blood vessels.
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Blood - white blood cells
They engulf bacteria and other pathogens and then digest them.
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Blood - red blood cells
Carry oxygen and have a large surface area. They contain haemoglobin
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Blood Vessels - Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at a high pressure. The size of the lumen (hole) is small. Wall thickness is thick and has no valves.
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Blood vessels - Veins
Carry de-oxygenated blood into the heart at a low pressure. The size of the lumen is large. Wall thickness is thin and have semi-lunar valves to ensure blood only flows one way.
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Blood vessels - Capillaries
Carry both oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood, between all cells of the body at a low pressure. The size of Lumen is tiny and wall thickness is 1 cell thick and they have no valves.
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Heart disease treatments - Statins
A group of drugs that lower the cholesterol in your blood.
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Heart disease treatments - Stents
Stents are mini mesh open ended tubes that are inserted into the blood vessel to keep it open allowing free blood movement.
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Heart disease treatments - replacement valve
Mechanical valve working the same way as a natural valve
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Heart disease treatments - Artificial Heart
A temporary heart that a person uses whilst waiting for a donor
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Heart disease treatments - heart transplant
A donated heart from a recently deceased person which is then inserted into the recipient to replace their diseased heart.
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Cancer - Benign / non-malignant
Benign cancers do not spread from the original site of the cancer in the body.
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Cancer - Malignant
Malignant tumour cells invade neighbouring tissues. They spread to other parts of the body forming secondary tumours /metastases
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Plants - Structure of a leaf - cuticle
Cuticle, transparent, reduces evaporation.
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Plants - Structure of a leaf - epidermis
Single layer of cells. Protects the leaf from loss of too much moisture
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Plants - structure of a leaf - Palisade cells
Contain Chloroplasts required for photosynthesis
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Plants - structure of a leaf - spongy mesophyll
Contains air spaces to allow diffusion
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Plants - structure of a leaf - Stomata
The hole to let water in.
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Plant organs - Root hair cells
Used to absorb water and mineral irons through the process of active transport which is a process which uses energy.
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Plant organs - Xylem
Water goes up the xylem from the roots.
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Plant organs - Phloem
Glucose is transported in the plant through the phloem, travelling up and down.
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Plant organs - Guard cell
The guard cell swells up to close the stomata. They are based around the stomata.
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INFECTION & DISEASE - Communicable disease
one that is spread from one person to another through a variety of ways that include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect.
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INFECTION & DISEASE - What are pathogens?
Micro-organisms that cause diseases
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INFECTION & DISEASE - Examples of Pathogens
Bacteria, Virus, Funghi, Protist (eukaryote)
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INFECTION & DISEASE - Salmonella
Spread : Contaminated foods/inadequately cooked meat Symptoms - stomach cramp/diarrhoea and fever. Treatments - see doctor, antibiotics, rest and stay hydrated. How is spread reduced - wash hands and cook food thoroughly.
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INFECTION & DISEASE - HIV
Cause : exchange of contaminated bodily fluids. Symptoms - your immune system fails. Treatments - no cure, just treatment to prolong and improve quality of life. How spread is reduced - condoms and clean needles.
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INFECTION & DISEASE - Gonorrhoea
How is it spread - Sexually transmitted infection. Symptoms - yellow or green discharge from genitals, anal pain. Treatment - antibiotics. How is spread reduced - condoms. Increasing in resistance to antibiotics and becoming "super gonorrhea".
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INFECTION & DISEASE - Measles
How is it spread - coughs and sneezes (airborne). Symptoms - red rash, diarrhoea and sickness. Treatment - anti-viral medicines, Vaccination/immunisation for prevention.
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INFECTION & DISEASE - Tobacco Mosaic virus (Plant Disease not human)
How is it spread - plants, open wounds usually by insects. Symptoms - won't grow or give fruit. Treatments - burn the plants. How is spread prevented/reduced - wash hands, clean tools
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INFECTION & DISEASE - Human defence system - Immune System.
Antibodies make toxins released by white blood cells to defend the. body and destroy all the toxins cause the symptoms that make us feel ill.
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INFECTION & DISEASE - Human defence system - Phagocytosis
Some white blood cells engulf the pathogens and destroy them (eg pacman)
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INFECTION & DISEASE - Human defence system - Antibodies
Antibodies are manufactured in the body, and they are complimentary to the shape of the pathogen they are designed for.
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ECOSYSTEMS - What is an ecosystem?
A biological community of interacting organisms and their abiotic environment - eg oceans, forests, desert.
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ECOSYSTEMS - Abiotic factors
An abiotic factor is a non-living thing.
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ECOSYSTEMS - Biotic factor
A biotic factor is a living thing.
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ECOSYSTEMS - What is a stable community?
A stable community is one where the populations remain fairly stable, they are usually established/older communities.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Have membrane bound organelles

Back

Eukaryotes

Card 3

Front

Small structure within a cell, eg nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast and ribosomes.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Plant cells have vacuole, plant cells have a cell wall

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Controls the activities of the cell, contains DNA

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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