Science

Classification

Classification means grouping things by their features or characteristics. The more characteristics that are used to group similar organisms together, the more reliable is the classification

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Kingdom

Group of similar phyla e.g Animalia

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Phylum

group of similar classes e.g chordata

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Class

Group of similar orders e.g mammalia

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Order

Group of similar families e.g Carnivora

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Family

Group of similar genera e.g Canidae (dog Family)

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Genus

Group of similar species e.g canis

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Species

Organisms that have most characteristics in common

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Anmalia

Multicellular (body made of many cells) Have no cell walls no chlorophyll in cells feed Heterotrophically (Eat other organisms

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Plantae

Multicellular, cell walls,chlorophyll, feed Autrophically (make own food)

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Fungi

Multicellular, Cells walls, no chlorophyll feed Saprophytically (Digest food outside the body)

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Vertebrates and Invertebrates

The phylum chordata contain animals that have a supporting rod running the length of their body. Many animals are vertebrates (animals with backbone)

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Oxygen absorbton

blue area: use of gills green area: use of lungs Note: young amphibians use gills, but adult amphibians use lungs.

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Fertilisation

Inside female body (internal) outside females body (external)

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Reproduction

young born lives (vivparous) lay eggs (Oviparous)

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thermoregulation

control own body temperature (Homotherm) body temperature varies with environment temperature (Polkilotherm)

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species

A species is a group of organisms that can breed with each other and produce fertile offspring. A few species can interbreed (breed with other species) to produce hybrid offspring, but often these Hybrids are sterile (cannot produce offspring).

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Problem 1

Some species reproduce asexually from parts of their body or by dividing in two If we do not see two organisms breeding together we cannot be sure if they are the same species

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Problem 2

Some organisms from closely related species can interbreed and produce hybrid offspring that are fertile

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A key

Based on obvious characteristics can help identify different species. This is a key for some big cats

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Binomial Classification

Every species has a unique Binomial name, for example the African lion Panthera leo. Bionomial names are useful because other people know exactly which species you mean. You can see from the genus which species are very closely related.

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panthera leo

Genus name: shared with very similar species. species name: unique to African lion. The leopard ( Panthera Pardus) and the tiger (Panthera Tigris) are closely related to the lion so have the same genus name.

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Classification Complications

Classifying an organism within a particular species may not easy. Dogs show a wide range of variation but all belong to one species. Duck species will occasionally interbreed to produce individuals with a range of characteristics.

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Ring Species

The European herring gull and lesser black-backed gull rarely interbreed,even where they nest together. So we say they are different species. But they are the end of a ring species of gulls that surrounds the North Pole. Neighbouring species of gulls

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