Schizophrenia

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What are the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia?
Delusions of grandeur, delusions of persecution and auditory hallucinations
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What are the symptoms of disorganised schizophrenia?
Disorganised speech, disorganised behaviour, inappropriate affect and flat emotions
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What are the symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia?
Apathy, loss of emotions, bizzare postures, excessive motor activity and echolalia
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What is the ICD 10?
International classification system for diseases, developed by WHO, 2 or more symptoms present in the last month, continuous signs of disturbance over 6 months.
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What is the DSM IV?
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, continuous signs of disterbance over 1 month.
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What are the reliability problems with the classification and disgnosis of schizophrenia?
Inter-rater reliability. Beck et al - 54% concordance rate when diagnosing 153 patients. Soderberg et al - 81% concordance rate when diagnosing using DSM. Nilson - 60% concordance rate when using ICD so DSM would seem more reliable.
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What are the problems with subjectivity and cultural bias when diagnosing schizophrenia?
Davison et al - room for subject interpretation "average person". 1970's study, 194 British, 134 USA psychiatrics to give diagnosis, 69% of USA diagnosed schizophrenia, 2% of UK.
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What did Fernando find?
African-Caribbean living in the UK are more likely to develop schizophrenia, be admitted against their will and to be given major tranquillisers or ECT compared to their white counterparts. However this may not be because of cultural bias.
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What is comorbidity?
Not everyone fits neatly into one category or another, sometimes there is an overlap between different disorders and this can cause problems when diagnosing.
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What validity problems are there with diagnosing schizophrenia?
The types of schizophrenia are very different and it has been questionned whether people should be classifed as the same as others when they are so different. Undifferentiated schizophrenia "rag bag" is used for those who are hard to classify.
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Why can placing people into categories for diagnosing schizophrenia be classed as meaningless?
All people are individuals and there are too many variations in behaviour to validly categorise someone as suffering from a disorder that is the same as all sufferers.
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Why is stigma a problem with classifying and diagnosing schizophrenia?
Giving people labels stigmatises them and can make people wary of their illness, With schizophrenia, people may be wary as they link it to violence due to the over emphasis that the media gives it.
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Why do some argue that a schizophrenia label does not cause stigma?
People who are different or odd are always stigmatised and it is not the label that causes this but their unusual behaviour and our attitude to the illness.
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Outline Rosenhan's study
arranged for 8 'normal' people to present themselves at the admissions of a mental hospital. They all pretended to have one symptom, hearing voices. Once admitted they acted normal but were still regarded as disturbed. 7-52 days, average of 19 days.
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Outline kety's arguement.
As the participants presented themselves with symptoms, it is not suprising that the diagnosis was given. If someone drank a large amount of blood and then was sick, the staff would assume this was a stomach ulcer. Tried to gain admittance, not usual
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What is useful about the classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia?
It should be remembered that they are very useful and work in the majority of cases. The system allows health professionals to communicate more easily and enable research studies to be carried out into causes and effective treatments.
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Card 2

Front

What are the symptoms of disorganised schizophrenia?

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Disorganised speech, disorganised behaviour, inappropriate affect and flat emotions

Card 3

Front

What are the symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the ICD 10?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the DSM IV?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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Comments

Danie

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Very good

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