schizophrenia ; sz

?
DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SZ
DFDFS
1 of 91
what % world suffers?
1%
2 of 91
more commonly diagnosed in which gender?
male
3 of 91
in which areas?
cities
4 of 91
and in what clasS?
working class
5 of 91
- classification of sz
gdfgdf
6 of 91
what is the defining characteristic?
there isn't one
7 of 91
what are the two major systems for classification?
DSM-5 / ICD-10
8 of 91
for the DSM-5 system what must be present for dagnosis?
one of the positive symptoms
9 of 91
whereas what are sufficient under ICD?
2+ negative
10 of 91
ICD-10 also recognises what?
subtypes
11 of 91
like paranoid sz is characterised by?
powerful delusions / hallucinations
12 of 91
hebephrenic sz?
promarily negative
13 of 91
catatonic sz?
disturbance to movement
14 of 91
what about DSM-5?
used to recognise subtypes but not any more
15 of 91
- positive symptoms
dfgdg
16 of 91
what is a positive symptom?
one that adds experiences beyond ordinary experiences
17 of 91
+ hallucination
dfgdf
18 of 91
unusual what kind of experience
sensory
19 of 91
some related to environment while others?
no resemblance to what senses picking up
20 of 91
voices heard taling to sufferer are often saying?
negative things
21 of 91
+ delusions
dgd
22 of 91
also known as?
paranoia
23 of 91
what are delusions?
irrational beliefs
24 of 91
take range of forms mostly thinking ur a famous figure like?
jesus
25 of 91
delusions commonly involve?
being persecuted perhaps bu gov / aliens / superpowers
26 of 91
another class of delusions concerns?
body
27 of 91
sufferers may believe what about them / part of them?
under external control
28 of 91
delusions may make sufferers behave in ways that are viewed how by others?
vvv werid
29 of 91
although vast majority sufferers aren't agressive but instead?
more likley to be victims > perpetrators of violence
30 of 91
- negative symptoms
dffdg
31 of 91
what are negative symptoms?
loss usual abilities / experiences
32 of 91
+ avolition
dfgd
33 of 91
described as finding it difficult to do what?
begin / eep ip with goal-directed activity
34 of 91
sufferers often have sharply reduced motivation to?
carry out large number activities
35 of 91
andreason identified which 3 identifying signs of avolition?
poor hygeine / lack persistence in work / lack energy
36 of 91
+ speech poverty
dfgfdg
37 of 91
why do ICD-10 recognite speech poverty as negative symption?
emphasis is on reduction in amount and quality of speech
38 of 91
somedimes accompanied by delay in?
sufferer's verbal responses in conversation
39 of 91
nowadays though the DMS places emphasis on speech?
disorganisation
40 of 91
in which speech becomes?
incoherent
41 of 91
or speaker does what?
changes topic mid-scentence
42 of 91
classified by DSM-5 positive / negative?
positive
43 of 91
EVALUATION
DFGDG
44 of 91
:( reliability
dfgd
45 of 91
an important measure of reliability is inter-rater reliability which is?
extent to which different assessors agree on assessments
46 of 91
in case of diagnosis this means extent to which?
two mental health professionsalsl arrive @ same diagnosis
47 of 91
cheniaux had 2 psychiatrists independently diagnose how many patients?
100
48 of 91
using which criteria?
DSM + ICD
49 of 91
inter-rater rleiability was?
poor
50 of 91
with one psych diagnosing 26 DSM and how many ICD?
44
51 of 91
and the other diagnosing 24 ICD nad how many DSM?
13
52 of 91
poor reliability is a weakness of?
diagnosis of sz
53 of 91
:(
fdfdf
54 of 91
what is validity?
the extent to which we're measuring what we intend to
55 of 91
one standard way to assess validity of diagnosis is?
criterion validity
56 of 91
which asks what question?
do different assessment systems arrive at the same diagnosis for the same patient
57 of 91
with the cheniaux study we can see sz is much more likely to be diagnosed with which criterion?
ICD
58 of 91
this suggests what?
either overdiagnosed in ICD or underdiagnosed in DSM
59 of 91
either way this is poor validity and a weakness of?
diagnosis
60 of 91
:( co-morbidity
dfgdg
61 of 91
what does morbidity refer to?
medical condt or how common it is
62 of 91
so co-morbidity is the phenomenon that?
2+ condts occur together
63 of 91
if two conditions occur together lots this calls into question what?
validity of diagnosis / classification
64 of 91
why?
might actually be a single condition
65 of 91
buckley concluded that around what % sz patients also had depression?
50%
66 of 91
and substance abuse?
47%
67 of 91
this poses challenge for which 2 things about sz?
both classification and diagnosis
68 of 91
in diagnosis if 1/2 sz patients also diagnosed w/ depression maybe what?
we are just p bad @ telling difference
69 of 91
in terms of classification if severed dpr looks lot like sz what might be better?
sningle condition
70 of 91
confusing picture is weakness of what about sz?
diagnosis + classification
71 of 91
:( symptom overlap
dgdfg
72 of 91
considerable overlap like share what with bipolar?
positive symptoms like delusions and negative like avolition
73 of 91
this calls in to question what about classification + diagnosis of sz?
validity
74 of 91
under ICD patient may be sz but under DSM?
could be bipolar
75 of 91
unsuprtising given?
symptom overlap
76 of 91
even suggests what about sz + bipolar?
might just be same condition
77 of 91
EVAL EXTRA
DGDFG
78 of 91
- gender bias in diagnosis
dfgdfg
79 of 91
longenecker et al reviewed studies of prevalence of sz and conclided that since '80s what happene?
more men diagnosed than women
80 of 91
may simply biologically be why?
men more genetically vulnerable
81 of 91
however another possible explanation is gender bias why?
appears female patients typically function better than men, more likely to work and have good fambly relationships
82 of 91
cotton found women with sz were more likely to?
work / good family relationships
83 of 91
why may this high functioning explain why women haven't had sz where men had?
bc better interpersonal functioning may bias practicioners to underdiagnose them
84 of 91
there are two reasons for this?
symptoms masked altogether / quality of functioning makes case too mild a diagnosis
85 of 91
:( cultural bias in diagnosis
dfgdf
86 of 91
who are several times more likely that white people to be diagnosed?
african americans / afro-caribbeans
87 of 91
why is this almost certainly not due to genetic vulnerabiltiy?
bc rates in africa / west indes not rlly that high
88 of 91
what is one issue with culture and the positive symptom of hearing voices?
more acceptable bc of cultural beliefs and connection with ancestors
89 of 91
and so the people are more ready to?
accept and acknowledge the experiences
90 of 91
when reported to a psych from a different cilture these experiences are liekly to be seen?
bizarre and irrational
91 of 91

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Card 2

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what % world suffers?

Back

1%

Card 3

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more commonly diagnosed in which gender?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

in which areas?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

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and in what clasS?

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