The reduction, difficulty or inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed behaviour, often mistakes for apparent disinterest
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Delusions
Firmly held erroneous beliefs that are caused by distortions of reasoning or misinterpretations of perceptions or experiences
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Hallucinations
Distortions or exaggerations of perception in any of the senses, most notably auditory sensations
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Negative symptoms
Appear to reflect a diminution or loss of normal functioning
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Positive symptoms
Appear to reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning
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Schizophrenia
A type of psychosis characterised by a profound disruption of cognition and emotion
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Speech poverty
The lessoning of speech fluency and productivity, which reflects slowing or blocked thoughts
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Co-morbidity
refers to the extent that two (or more) conditions or diseases occur simultaneously in a patient, for example, schizophrenia and depression
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Culture
The rules, customs, morals childrearing practice, etc. that bind a group of people together and define how they are likely to behave
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Gender Bias
refers to the tendency to describe the behaviour of people in pyschological theory and research in such a way that might not be seen to represent accurately the characteristics or either one of these genders
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Reliability
is consistency- the consistency of measurements. We would expect any measurement to produce the same data if taken on successive occasions
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Symptom overlap
Refers to the fact that symptoms of a disorder may not be unique to that disorder but may also be found in other disorders, making accurate diagnosis difficult
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Validity
refers to whether an observed effect is a genuine one
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Biological explanations
emphasise the role of inherited factors and dsyfunction of brain activity in the development of a behaviour or mental disorder
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Dopamine hypothesis
claims that an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine in certain regions of the brain is associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia
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Genetics
Inherited factors make certain individuals more likely to develop a behaviour or mental disorder
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Neural correlates
Changes in the neuronal events and mechanisms that result in the characteristic symptoms of a behaviour or mental disorder
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Cognitive explanations
of mental disorders propose that abnormalities in cognitive function are a key component in schizophrenia
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Dsyfunctional thought processing
Cognitive habits or beliefs that cause the individual to evaluate information inappropriately
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Family dsyfunction
The presence of problems within a family that contribute to relapse rates in recovering schizophrenics, including lack of warmth between parent and child, dsyfunctional communication patterns and parental overprotection
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Atypical antipsychotics
carry a lower risk of extrapyramidal side effects, have a beneficial effect on negative symptoms and cognitive impairment and are suitable for treatment resistant patients
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Drug therapy
involves the treatment of mental disorders such as schizophrenia through the use of antipsychotics to reduce the symptoms of the disorder
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Typical antipsychotics
are dopamine antagonists in that they bind to but do not stimulate dopamine receptors and so reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
A combination of cognitive therapy (a way of changing maladaptive thoughts and beliefs) and behavioural therapy (a way of changing behaviour in response to these thoughts and beliefs)
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Family therapy
is the name given to a range of interventions aimed at the family of someone with a mental disorder
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Token economy
A form of therapy where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement. Rewards are given when individuals engage in correct behaviour. The tokens can be exchanged for primary reinforcers.
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Diathesis-stress model
explains mental disorders as the result of an interaction between biological (diathesis) and environmental (Stress) influences
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Firmly held erroneous beliefs that are caused by distortions of reasoning or misinterpretations of perceptions or experiences
Back
Delusions
Card 3
Front
Distortions or exaggerations of perception in any of the senses, most notably auditory sensations
Back
Card 4
Front
Appear to reflect a diminution or loss of normal functioning
Back
Card 5
Front
Appear to reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning
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