mainly sandstones, shales and limestones formed during the Jurassic period
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What is the geology of Flamborough Head?
A large chalk headland, topped with till, a deposit left behind by glaciers.
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What direction do the waves come from?
north and northwest
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What is the fetch?
over 1500km
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How much erosion per year for areas of weak shale and clay?
0.8m
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How much erosion per year for more resistant sandstones and limestones?
less than 0.1m
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What were the wave heights as Whitby Bay during 2010-11?
often exceeding 4m, even during summer months
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Direction of longshore drift?
North to South
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Give an example of a bay, where sediment is interrupted by headlands
Filey bay
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Which sediment cell?
sub-cell 1d of major sediment cell 1, extending from St Abbs in Southern Scotland to Flamborough
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Where has the sediment come from?
From the nearshore area, driven onshore as sea levels rose at the end of the last glacial period. Also from cliff erosion.
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Name of the large river?
The Esk - entering the North Sea at Whitby. Limited sediment supply due to the construction of weirs and reinforced banks along its course
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What was the net increase in sediment between 2008 and 2011 at Saltburn?
9245m3
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Why is this?
Due to winter storms
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What direction are the rocks in?
Horizontally bedded, causing cliff profiles to have a vertical face
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What are most cliffs overlain by?
weak glacial till, which has a much lower angle
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What are the cliffs at Flamborough made out of?
Chalk, which is very strong with tightly bonded mineral particles
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How high are the cliffs?
20-30m, with the till lowered by mass movement processes to an angle of about 40 degrees
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What are the cliffs like further north between Robin Hood's Bay and Saltburn
Much higher, but often with a stepped profile, reflecting the more varied geology
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What is a shore platform?
High-energy waves cause erosion to retreat the coastline, leaving behind rocky shore platforms
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An example of a shore platform?
Robin Hood's Bay
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Maximum width?
500m, but extends much further into the offshore zone
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Example of a headland and a bay
Ness point (north), Ravenscar (south) - sandstone, with Robin Hood's bay in between - shale
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How do landforms form?
As a result of wave refraction, wave energy is concentrated on headlands. Weaknesses, such as joints or faults are exploited by erosion from waves, enlarging them to form caves and arches.
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Where can this be seen?
Selwick's Bay at Flamborough Head - joint in the chalk enlarged
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Where is an example of a stack?
Green Stacks Pinnacle
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Explain the process of a geo, blowhole and cave
Geo - joint enlarged into the cliff. Cave - rock undercut. Blowhole - erosion reaches cave roof.
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