Russia at the start

?
Alexanders reforms - emancipation of the serfs
1861 - was a failure, serfs ended up having to pay for the land they were granted when it should have been free, caused resentment.
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Industrialisation in the late 19th century
developed rapidly as tsarist regime wanted to remain a great power. led to the growth of urban w/c who faced poor living and working conditions, huge population rises in cities
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Population rises
1914 - 164m, led to land hunger in the countryside, to enough gov help so led to resentment
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Nationalism
Many different nationalities living in Russian empire , usually unwillingly. created resentment which was a threat to stability
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Great spurt - 1890's
was rapid industrialisation - meant urbanisation. poor living and working conditions so strikes. riots in countryside due to higher taxes
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In 1881, what happened to Alexander II?
was assassinated by opposition group called 'peoples will' which led to opposition being treated more harshly.
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In 1890 what happened to opposition?
they started to form in groups again after the crackdown on them. RSDLP set up in 1898 and Socialist revolutionary party in 1902.
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Autocracy
form of government where one person has unlimited power. Nicholas was very committed to this
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How was Russia an autocratic state?
no constitution, no parliament, no legal safeguards to protect peoples rights, governed day to day by ministers who were only accountable to the tsar.
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What was Nicholas personality like?
had a strong sense of duty, was indecisive and naive, failed to address bigger issues. was an ineffective leader.
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Orthodoxy (before 1905)
Orthodox Church was part of tsarist regime, under state control and run by government. late 19th century became less valuable as drunk and corrupt priests and decline in public interest.
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What is Russification? (before 1905)
an attempt to impose the Russian language, culture and religion on non Russian minorities. caused resentment and actually increased nationalism.
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Okhrana (before 1905)
the secret police, role was to destroy revolutionary and terrorist networks.
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Positives of emancipation of the serfs
gave the serfs personal freedom, serfs now owned their own houses on small plots of land.
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Negatives of emancipation of the serfs
after they were 'freed' had to may redemption payments to the gov over 49 years. serfs under control of village communes, had little food to sell due to high Russian population.
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What were village communes?
the serfs under control of village communes, elder people who could redistribute land between them, serfs had to get permission from them to leave the village.
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Peasant unrest before 1905
frequent unrest but was localised. unhappy due to high taxes and redemption payments.famine and poverty. poor crop conditions, ***** farming.
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What was ***** farming?
each household allocated a number of strips in each field by the mir(village commune). was inefficient as movement wasted time and no incentive to have good land as they kept on being moved.
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Workers unrest before 1905
strikes(sometimes brutal), unhappy due to poor working and living conditions. low pay and long hours. diseases spreading due to living in overcrowded places.
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M/C opposition
liberals wanted a constitution instead of autocracy. wanted private businesses rather than public ones. non violence,ent methods
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Industrialisation in the late 19th century

Back

developed rapidly as tsarist regime wanted to remain a great power. led to the growth of urban w/c who faced poor living and working conditions, huge population rises in cities

Card 3

Front

Population rises

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Nationalism

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Great spurt - 1890's

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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