Rocks, Resources & Scenery : GCSE AQA Geography A

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When was granite formed?
280 million years ago
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When was limestone formed?
340 million years ago
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When was chalk formed?
cretaceous period
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When was clay formed?
formed at many stages
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Which rock types are within the earths crust?
Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic
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How is igneous rock formed?
By the cooling of molten magma underground (intrusive) or on the earths surface (extrusive)
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How is sedimentary rock formed?
By the compaction of sediments usually deposited by the sea.
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How is metamorphic rock formed?
By the alteration of pre-existing rocks by heat/pressure.
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State the characteristics of Igneous rock and give an example.
Interlocking crystals, tough and resistant to erosion. i.e. Basalt and Granite
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State the characteristics of Sedimentary rock and give an example.
Form layers (beds), contans fossils, weak. i.e. Clay and Limestone
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State the characteristics of Metamorphic rock and give an example.
Crystalline, exhibit layering (cleavage), very tough i.e. Slate
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What is the rock cycle?
The connection between the main rock groups
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What is weathering?
The disintegration of rocks in their original place largely caused by the elements of weather
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What are the 3 main types of weathering?
Mechanical, Chemical and Biological
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What is Mechanical weathering?
Physical disintegration without chemical change
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What is Chemical weathering?
Disintegration due to chemical change of the rock
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What is Biological weathering?
The actions of Flora and Fauna to break down rocks.
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What is freeze-thaw?
When water freezes in rock cracks, at night the liquid freezes and expands causing stress in the rock + widening existing cracks. repeated freeze/thaw causes rock fragments to detatch
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What is exfoliation?
During the day, the outer layer of rock heats and expands. At night, the temperature drops and the rock layer cools and contracts. Repeated cycles cause the outer layer to break off
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What is solution?
Some rocks or minerals dissolve in rainwater
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What is carbonation?
Rainwater picks carbon dioxide up from air to become a weak carbonic acid. Acid reacts with calcium carbonate to dissolve rocks.
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State the characteristics of Granite Landscapes
Tors, Upland areas due to high rainfall, Impermeable so wet/marshy, Vertical joints when granite cools/contracts, horizontal due to pressure release
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How is a tor formed?
Granite is an intrusive, igneous rock formed deep underground. After uplift and erosion of the overlying weaker, more jointed rock - It is exposed as a tor.
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Describe granite landforms
Isolated crops of rock (TOR), found uphill, rounded edges due to chemical weathering, scree at tor foot (freeze thaw), enlarged joints (freeze thaw)
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State the characteristics of Chalk and Clay landscapes
Chalk is tough + permeable so lack of erosion. Forms upland areas. Springs. Clay is weak and impermeable, forms low flat ground (VALES)
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Describe Chalk and Clay landforms
rocks exposed at slight angle, folded by tectonic activity. Outcrop of chalk, steep scarp slope and gentle dip - ESCARPMENT.
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State the characteristics of Limestone landscapes
Fossilized, tough, chemically weak and vulnerable to erosion, well jointed - freeze thaw
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Describe Limestone landscapes
form high ground with exposures of bare rock and steepsided valleys (gorges), weathering produces thin soils that support grass - used for grazing sheep. Lime
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What are the features of a limestone landscape?
Limestone pavements - bare, rocky surfaces with jointing. blocking clints seperated by enlarged joints(grikes) dry valleys, narrow gorges, springs, tunnels +caverns
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How does a stalactite form?
When Calcium carbonate rich water drips from the roof, leaves calcite deposit - icicle like stalactite forms
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How does a stalagmite form?
When a stalactite drips onto the cavern floor, splatter effect creates shorter stalagmite.
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What is formed when a stalagmite and stalactite join?
A pillar
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What is the use of granite?
Building stone/surfaces, sheep farming, reservoirs, water sports
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What is the use of chalk?
Quarried to cement, building stone, sheep farming (thin soil), spring water, forms attractive upland
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What is the use of clay?
Brick/pottery, fertile soils (sheep/dairy), impermeable - no reservoirs, featureless landscape
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What is the use of limestone?
Quarried to cement, sheep farming (thin soil), spring water, attractive upland
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How is dartmoor farmed?
Conserve upland landscape and wildlife, farmers paid to maintain habitats, stone walls/hedge rows to develop hay meadows + to adopt practices that protect archaeological + historical areas
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How does the London Basin Chalk Aquifer managed?
Rocks underneath London form a basin (syncline). water soaks into chalk then percolates through to form an underground reservoir.
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Name a problem associated with the London basin chalk aquifer
Sea water contamination - In 1960s, industrial use caused water to drop to 88m below sea level
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Describe Limestone recreation in the Yorkshire Dales
Steep valleys, cliffs and glassy plateaux, many leisure oppurtunities, nature tourism (birds), limestone joints for climbing, malham = honeypot site
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State the benefits of recreation in the Yorkshire Dales
money to local area, employment opportunities, local farms benefit from visitors
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State the costs of recreation in the Yorkshire Dales
traffic, pollution, litter harmful to area, high house prices due to holiday home demand
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State the background info about Hope Quarry, Castleton
planned restoration + extraction program, largest limestone quarry, supplies 2m tonnes of limestione a year to nearby cement works, both employ locals who use local shops - multiplier effect
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How has effort been made at the peak district national park to strike a balance between environmental conservation and economic/social needs of the area?
Landscaping + tree planting to reduce visual impact of the quarry hole, efforts made to reduce dust, £15m spent to improve transport - 1 train = 57 lorries, 7000 trees planted to reduce carbon dioxide production
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Why is quarry restoration done?
to improve/restore the original qualities
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After extraction, how may a quarry site be used?
replacing soil to farmland, courses for mountain bikes, dry ski slopes, wildlife reserves/fishing
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How were the quarries managed DURING extraction?
Drayton North extended to join Drayton South, hedgerows and avenue of trees between 2 quarries, water logged site - deep lake, nesting boxes to encourage birds.
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How were the quarries managed AFTER extraction?
contoured to form gentle landscapes with small ponds, variety of plants + trees to encourage different animal habitats, footpaths for public access
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

When was limestone formed?

Back

340 million years ago

Card 3

Front

When was chalk formed?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When was clay formed?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Which rock types are within the earths crust?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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