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- Created by: Yaseenelfassi1234578
- Created on: 23-11-20 18:01
Define Independent variable
independent varible:The
variable directly manipulated by
the researcher.
variable directly manipulated by
the researcher.
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Define dependent variable
Dependent variable:The
variable being measured in a study.
variable being measured in a study.
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Define Extraneous variable
Extraneous variable: a variable
that is not controlled, which could
affect the results of a study.
that is not controlled, which could
affect the results of a study.
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Define Cofounding variable
Confounding variable: an
extraneous variable that affects
the results of the study so that
the effect of the IV is not truly
being seen.
extraneous variable that affects
the results of the study so that
the effect of the IV is not truly
being seen.
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Define operationalisation
Operationalisation: making
the variables in an investigation
detailed and specific.
the variables in an investigation
detailed and specific.
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Define order effects
Order effects: when participants
improve or worsen in the second
condition because they have
practised or become fatigued.
improve or worsen in the second
condition because they have
practised or become fatigued.
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Define Demand characteristics
Demand characteristics: when the
participant alters their behaviour in
response to the perceived aims of
the investigation.
participant alters their behaviour in
response to the perceived aims of
the investigation.
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Define investigator effect
Investigator effect: when a
researcher unintentionally gives
clues to participants, altering their
behaviour.
researcher unintentionally gives
clues to participants, altering their
behaviour.
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Define participant variables
Participant variables: extraneous
variables specific to the participants
of an investigation, for example
their mood, ability or personality.
variables specific to the participants
of an investigation, for example
their mood, ability or personality.
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Define standardised procedure
Standardised procedure: where
the procedure of a study is the same
across all conditions.
the procedure of a study is the same
across all conditions.
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Define counterbalancing
Counterbalancing: where half of the participant
group experience condition A then condition B,
while the other half experience condition B then
condition A.
group experience condition A then condition B,
while the other half experience condition B then
condition A.
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Define Randomisation
Randomisation: when participants are randomly
assigned to condition A or B as their first or second
test condition.
assigned to condition A or B as their first or second
test condition.
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Define single-blind technique
Single-blind technique: when information about the study is withheld from participants.
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Define double-blind technique
Double-blind technique: when the aims of the study are withheld from both participants and researchers.
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Define Null hypothesis
Null hypothesis: a prediction that the results will
fail to show any difference (or relationship) that is
consistent or systematic.
fail to show any difference (or relationship) that is
consistent or systematic.
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Define Alternative hypothesis
Alternative (experimental) hypothesis: a
prediction of the outcome of a study based on what
is expected to happen.
prediction of the outcome of a study based on what
is expected to happen.
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Define Directional hypothesis
Directional hypothesis: a hypothesis that predicts
the direction the results will go in.
the direction the results will go in.
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Define Non-directional hypthesis
Non-directional hypothesis: a hypothesis that predicts that a difference/relationship will be found, but does not specify what the difference/relationship will be.
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Define Experimental hypothesis
Experimental hypothesis: the name given to
a hypothesis when used in field and laboratory
experiments.
a hypothesis when used in field and laboratory
experiments.
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Define target population
Target population: the group of people being
investigated in a study.
investigated in a study.
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Define sample
Sample: a selection of the target population that is
directly studied in an investigation.
directly studied in an investigation.
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Define Generalisability
Generalisability: the extent to which the results of
a study represent the whole population, not just the sample used.
a study represent the whole population, not just the sample used.
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Define sampling method
Sampling method: a technique used to gather a
representative group of people as a sample from the
target population.
representative group of people as a sample from the
target population.
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Define Random sampling technique
Random sampling technique: a technique used to
gather a random sample of participants from the
target population.
gather a random sample of participants from the
target population.
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Define stratified sampling technique
Stratified sampling technique: a technique that
ensures subgroups of the target population are
proportionately represented in a sample.
ensures subgroups of the target population are
proportionately represented in a sample.
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Define sample error
Sample error: when a sample
differs in qualities from the
target population it intends to
represent.
differs in qualities from the
target population it intends to
represent.
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Define volunteer sampling technique
Volunteer sampling technique:
a technique that asks for
participants by placing an advert
for volunteers.
a technique that asks for
participants by placing an advert
for volunteers.
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Define Biased sample
Biased sample: when the
sample recruited is made up
of a particular type of person,
which may not reflect the target
population.
sample recruited is made up
of a particular type of person,
which may not reflect the target
population.
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Define opportunity sampling
Opportunity sampling
technique: a technique that
recruits participants who are
readily available at the time.
technique: a technique that
recruits participants who are
readily available at the time.
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Define Research design
Research design: how What you will learn participants are allocated to the
conditions of a study.
conditions of a study.
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Define experimental design
Experimental design: the name
given to research design when
used in an experiment.
given to research design when
used in an experiment.
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Define independent measures design
Independent measures design:
participants are split into groups,
with each group tested in only
one condition of a study.
participants are split into groups,
with each group tested in only
one condition of a study.
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Define repeated measures
Repeated measures design: the
same participants are used in all
conditions of a study.
same participants are used in all
conditions of a study.
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Define Matched pairs design
Matched pairs design: different
participants are used in each
condition of the study, but
are matched for likeness on
important characteristics.
participants are used in each
condition of the study, but
are matched for likeness on
important characteristics.
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Define Reliability
Reliability: the consistency of an outcome or result
of an investigation (a measure).
of an investigation (a measure).
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Define validity
Validity: whether the test measures what was
intended.
intended.
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Define interal validity
Internal validity: whether the measures used in a
test genuinely test what they were designed to test.
test genuinely test what they were designed to test.
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Define External validity
External validity: whether the findings are
generalisable to the target population.
generalisable to the target population.
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Define Qualitative methods
Qualitative methods: ways of
conducting research that find
out new information rather
than testing a prediction; often
resulting in gathering qualitative
data.
conducting research that find
out new information rather
than testing a prediction; often
resulting in gathering qualitative
data.
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Define Resarcher bias
Researcher bias: when a
researcher interprets the
outcome of a study according to
their own view (subjective).
researcher interprets the
outcome of a study according to
their own view (subjective).
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Define objective
Objective: not open to
interpretation, unbiased.
interpretation, unbiased.
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Define Quantitative methods
Quantitative methods: ways
of conducting research that
test a prediction and gather
quantitative data.
of conducting research that
test a prediction and gather
quantitative data.
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Define Ethical issues
Ethical issues: researchers
follow codes or rules of conduct
when carrying out research to
protect participants from harm.
follow codes or rules of conduct
when carrying out research to
protect participants from harm.
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Define Right to withdraw
Right to withdraw: ensuring
that participants are clearly
aware of their right to leave the
study at any point.
that participants are clearly
aware of their right to leave the
study at any point.
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Define informed consent
Informed consent: agreement of participants to take part once they are fully aware of the aims, nature and intended outcomes of a study.
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Define Deception
Deception: misleading or lying to participants.
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Define Debrief
Debrief: after an investigation, participants are given full disclosure of the study.
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Define Confidentiality
Confidentiality: not disclosing the identity of
participants.
participants.
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Define Protection of participants
Protection of participants: safeguarding
participants against physical and psychological harm.
participants against physical and psychological harm.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Define dependent variable
Back
Dependent variable:The
variable being measured in a study.
variable being measured in a study.
Card 3
Front
Define Extraneous variable
Back
Card 4
Front
Define Cofounding variable
Back
Card 5
Front
Define operationalisation
Back
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