RM 1 - quiz

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  • Created by: Bambih369
  • Created on: 12-03-21 22:36
What is the correct order for a research report?
Title, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References, Appendices
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Why do we study samples of a population?
We can't gather data from the whole population because it's too time consuming and not all the participants would respond
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Which sampling technique would this describe? - "Leads to representative sample which is generalizable to the whole population."
Random sampling
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How does stratified sampling work?
The population is divided into groups and then a simple sample is conducted on each group
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Which sampling method is less representative?
Non-random sampling (E.g Volunteer & Convenience)
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What do experiments explore?
Cause and effect relationships
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What should you do to control for chance differences between groups?
Random allocation
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Which variable is measured in an experiment?
Dependent variable
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What is a Quasi-experiment?
The researcher can't randomly allocate pts to the conditions (IV)
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What is an extraneous variable?
A variable that potentially affects the relationship between the IV and DV
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Which variable does this describe? - "It differs systematically with the IV."
Confounding variable
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What is a demand characteristic?
Where pts guess the hypothesis and change their behaviour accordingly
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What is an advantage of between-groups design?
There are no carry-over effects
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What is a disadvantage of a within-groups design?
Boredom
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How should we avoid carry over affects?
Counterbalance
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When should you use a directional hypothesis? (One-tailed)
When there is prior research suggesting a direct
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What are the 4 research principles? (BPS)
Respect, Competence, Responsibility, Integrity
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When should you use deception?
Only when necessary, to prevent the pts from learning the true aim which could change their behaviour
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When should you debreif the pts?
At the end of the study
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Should the results section contain raw data?
No
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How many decimal places should you round to?
2 d.p
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Can you include new literature in the discussion?
Yes, if it is relevant to the findings. Usually if you find unexpected results
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What are ceiling effects?
When the upper range is restricted so you can't detect possible effects
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What is generalisability?
Applying the findings to wider target populations
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What is a key difference between quantitative and qualitative research?
Quantitative research uses numbers, whereas qualitative research used words, and images
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What is this referring to? "What counts as legitimate knowledge?"
Epistemology
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What is an advantage of being an 'insider' in qualitative research?
You have a greater understanding of the issues and are more aware of ethical issues
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What is a disadvantage of being an 'outsider' in qualitative research?
You miss contextual aspects
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What type of research focuses on relationships rather than meanings?
Quantitative research
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What type of data collection is this refering to? - The immersion in a particular group to examine their behaviour/phenomena
Ethnography
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When are diaries often used in psychology?
Health psychology
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What is a key issue with internet-mediated research?
Ethics (consent)
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What is the most popular type of interview?
Semi-structured
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Why is an interview schedule important?
To guide the interview, to force the interviewer to think explicitly about what to cover, to consider to potential difficulties, to frame the Q's in a way pts will understand
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What do descriptive questions do?
Push the pts to provide an account
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What are focus groups?
Informal group discussions that are focused
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What are the key issues with focus groups?
How many pts are required, How the session should be prepped, Ethical issues
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What is a thematic analysis?
A method for identifying, analyzing and reporting patterns in data
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What type of research is 'inductive'?
Data driven reseach - 'Bottom up'
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What type of research is this refering to? - "Driven by the researchers interest."
Theoretical research
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What is a theme?
It represents some level of patterned response in a dataset
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What is the 1st step in a thematic analysis?
Transcription of the data
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What order occurs in a thematic analysis?
1. Transcription of data, 2. Making notes of the data, 3. Coding the data, 4. Drawing conceptual themes from the descriptive themes
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Should you paraphrase when drawing up themes? (Thematic analysis)
No
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When should you link the analysis to the wider literature?
Either - whenever you feel best
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What does a cross-sectional study look at?
relationships
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What is an unstructured observation?
The researcher records all behaviour they see
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What is a longitudinal study?
Repeated observations over an extended period of time
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What is an advanced experimental design?
It involves more than one IV
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What is validity?
The extent to which you study measures what you intend it to measure
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What is a weakness of cross-sectional research?
Pl may not tell the truth
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What is a big advantage of collecting data on the internet?
It allows larger volumes of data to be collected
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What type of reliability is this referring to? - "Relates to the consistency of a test over time."
External reliability
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How can you check for internal reliability?
Both
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What is construct validity?
Does the tests measure the construct it was designed to?
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How do we define reaction time?
Stimulus, Perception, Processing, Produce response, Response
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What type of reaction time is this describing? - "1 stimulus, each with it's own response."
Choice reaction time
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What happens in a PET scan?
A radioactive substance is injected into the bloodstream
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What is an advantage of positron emission tomography (PET)?
It creates high spatial resolution images
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What is a disadvantage of Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?
It has poor temporal resolution
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What happens in a Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
A magnetic field is applied to the scalp which inhibits the neurons below.
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What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalography
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What is acquiescence bias?
A tendency to respond positively to all items
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What could also cause a change in the DV besides the Iv?
Both
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What kind of bias does this describe? - "The researchers subjective opinion influences data collection."
Experimenter/observer bias
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How can we limit observer bias?
Both
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Why do we take multiple measurements?
To overcome variation in the stimuli not related to experimental manipulation
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What is ecological validity?
The extent to which the experiment reflects the real world
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What is statistical power?
Refers to the study's capacity to correctly reject the null hypothesis
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What does this describe? - "A systematic enterprise that builds knowledge in testable explanations."
Science
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Which order is correct to describe the scientific method?
1.Create a hypothesis, 2. Test the hypothesis with observations, 3. Accept/refute the hypothesis, 4. Integrate findings into theory
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Which best describes falsification?
You can only prove that a prediction of a theory is false
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Which description best describes parsimony?
identifying the simplest and most accurate explanation for brain processes and human behaviors
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What does this describe? - "A typical example/pattern of something."
Paradigm
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What is a paradigm shift?
a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.
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Who reviews an ethics proposal?
The researcher's institution
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What is 'health economics'?
The process of valuing treatments
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what is the equation for Quality - Adjusted life years
(QALY)?
Length of life x Quality of life
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What are the 3 R's in animal research ethics?
Replacement, Reduction, Refinement
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Who picks up the submitted paper?
The action editor
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What is Post-hoc story telling?
Hypothesizing after data collection
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What is effect size?
A measurement of magnitude of an effect
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What is the equation for effect size?
= (Mean of condition.1 - Mean of condition.2) / Pooled SD
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What is this describing? - "A movement to make parts of the research openly available."
Open science
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Is the exploratory or confirmatory research? - "The rationale and hypotheses are known in advance."
Confirmatory
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why do we study samples of a population?

Back

We can't gather data from the whole population because it's too time consuming and not all the participants would respond

Card 3

Front

Which sampling technique would this describe? - "Leads to representative sample which is generalizable to the whole population."

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How does stratified sampling work?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Which sampling method is less representative?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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